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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Narra J
Astyka, Ririn
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Synergistic mechanism of Phyllanthus emblica extract and tetracycline against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Nasution, Haris M.; Yulyana, Ana; Utama, Rezza F.; Bangar, Roy I.; Kaban, Vera E.; Daulay, Wardiyah; Astyka, Ririn; Lubis, Muhammad F.
Narra J Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v5i1.1939

Abstract

The rising incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii infections underscores the urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects between a polyphenol-rich extract from Phyllanthus emblica fruit and tetracycline against MDR A. baumannii strains. The extraction process was optimized using the Box-Behnken design approach to maximize the total phenolic content (TPC) of the P. emblica extract. Key variables, including ethanol concentration, extraction time, and solid-to-liquid ratio (w/v), were determined through single-factor experiments. The antimicrobial activity of the extract, both alone and in combination with tetracycline, was evaluated against A. baumannii. Mechanistic studies focusing on bacterial lysis and efflux pump inhibition were conducted to assess the extract's effects and its combined potential with tetracycline. The Box-Behnken design successfully optimized the extraction conditions, yielding the highest TPC at 68.92% ethanol concentration, 1.85 days of extraction time, and a 1:9.58 w/v ratio. The predicted and experimentally verified TPC values of the extract were 129.19 and 130.76±2.46 mg GAE/g samples, respectively, with no significant difference (p>0.05). The extract contained several phenolic compounds identified using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). It exhibited antimicrobial activity against MDR Acinetobacter baumannii, either alone or in combination with tetracycline. The combination demonstrated a synergistic effect against MDR A. baumannii, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.37. Moreover, the combination showed superior bacteriolytic effects against MDR A. baumannii cells, as evidenced by increased release of nucleic acid components and membrane destabilization, compared to the extract or tetracycline alone (p<0.0001 for all comparisons). Additionally, the combination significantly enhanced the efflux pump inhibition effect compared to the extract or tetracycline alone (p<0.05 for both). These findings support the potential use of polyphenol-rich P. emblica extracts as adjuncts to conventional antibiotics in treating drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Antioxidant and In Vitro Antidiabetic Properties of Lansium domesticum Leaves Extracted with Solvents of Varying Polarity Situmorang, Jiro Hasegawa; Yulyana, Ana; Astyka, Ririn; Syahputra, Hafid; Lubis, Muhammad Fauzan
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.110695

Abstract

Conventional therapies for diabetes mellitus, such as oral hypoglycemic agents, are often limited by side effects and incomplete glycemic control, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Exploring natural remedies, such as Lansium domesticum, is compelling, as this plant has been traditionally used for diabetes therapy. This study aimed to investigate how solvent polarity and affinity influence phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibitory potential of L. domesticum leaf extracts. Extraction was conducted using methanol, ethanol, and acetone (50%, 75%, 100%), and distilled water. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified, and antioxidant activities were assessed via total antioxidant activity (TAA), DPPH, and FRAP assays. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated in vitro through α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays. The results indicated that 100% ethanol extract exhibited the highest TPC and TFC, correlating strongly with superior antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. The extract has also demonstrated the most potent inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values of 70.64 and 105.13 µg/mL, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong negative correlations between phytochemical contents and IC50 values. Overall, ethanol proved to be the most effective solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from L. domesticum leaves, underscoring its potential as a natural antioxidant and antidiabetic agent.
Co-Authors Bangar, Roy I. Daulay, Wardiyah Hafid Syahputra Kaban, Vera E. Lubis, Muhammad F. lubis, muhammad fauzan Nasution, Haris M. Situmorang, Jiro Hasegawa Utama, Rezza F. Yulyana, Ana