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All Journal jle Techno Agriculturae Studium of Research
Or, Chanthan
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Integration into Formal Economy: A Systematic Review on the Challenges and Opportunities for Informal SMEs in Cambodia Or, Chanthan; Phon, Sophat; Serey, Mardy
Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): NOVEMBER
Publisher : Yayasan Kawanad

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56347/jle.v4i2.360

Abstract

The informal economy accounts for a substantial share of economic activity across developing nations, where Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) serve as primary engines for job creation and income generation. Yet informality frequently confines these enterprises to persistent cycles of low productivity and economic vulnerability. Drawing on 12 studies published between 2000 and 2025, our systematic literature review examines the multifaceted barriers and pathways associated with transitioning informal SMEs into the formal economy, with particular attention to Cambodia. We synthesize theoretical frameworks on informal economy dynamics and SME development, analyze Cambodia's informal sector characteristics, identify formalization obstacles, and examine integration possibilities. Our literature search spanned multiple databases—JSTOR, Google Scholar, and repositories from the ILO, UNDP, World Bank, and ADB. We selected peer-reviewed articles and reports addressing informal economy and SME formalization in Cambodia and Southeast Asia more broadly. Our findings reveal that despite substantial barriers—financial constraints and regulatory complexities—targeted policy interventions can unlock considerable integration potential.
Integration into Formal Economy: A Systematic Review on the Challenges and Opportunities for Informal SMEs in Cambodia Or, Chanthan; Phon, Sophat; Serey, Mardy
Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): NOVEMBER
Publisher : Yayasan Kawanad

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56347/jle.v4i2.360

Abstract

The informal economy accounts for a substantial share of economic activity across developing nations, where Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) serve as primary engines for job creation and income generation. Yet informality frequently confines these enterprises to persistent cycles of low productivity and economic vulnerability. Drawing on 12 studies published between 2000 and 2025, our systematic literature review examines the multifaceted barriers and pathways associated with transitioning informal SMEs into the formal economy, with particular attention to Cambodia. We synthesize theoretical frameworks on informal economy dynamics and SME development, analyze Cambodia's informal sector characteristics, identify formalization obstacles, and examine integration possibilities. Our literature search spanned multiple databases—JSTOR, Google Scholar, and repositories from the ILO, UNDP, World Bank, and ADB. We selected peer-reviewed articles and reports addressing informal economy and SME formalization in Cambodia and Southeast Asia more broadly. Our findings reveal that despite substantial barriers—financial constraints and regulatory complexities—targeted policy interventions can unlock considerable integration potential.
Effects of Cattle Manure or Its Combination with Chemical Fertilizers on Growing Celery Cabbage Or, Chanthan; Sin, Putheasath; Hong, Chhun; Ros, Vanchey; Kang, Tithya; Kong, Saroeun; Pen, Dina; Serey, Mardy
Techno Agriculturae Studium of Research Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/agriculturae.v1i4.1512

Abstract

The experiment was conducted in Svay Rieng University in January and February 2015. The objective of the experiment was to test the effect of organic fertilizer from cattle manure alone or combination with inorganic fertilizer from urea and NPK on growing celery cabbage products. The area of each plot was 2m2 (2m length x 1m width) and spacing between each plant was 25cm and each plot was 1m. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involved five treatments and four replications. The treatments were T0: Control (no fertilizer), T1: Cattle manure only, T2: Cattle manure + Urea + NPK (15:15:15), T3: Cattle manure + Liquid organic fertilizer and T4: Cattle manure + Urea + NPK + Liquid organic fertilizer. Though the experiment showed that the application of cow manure, urea and NPK fertilizer (T2) had gave plants with the greatest plant height, leaf area (length and width), root length, root weight, plant weight and biomass yield of celery. The data obtained from these treatments were significantly higher than the data obtained from the control (T0) and cattle manure alone (T1). Therefore, it is concluded that the use of organic manure from cattle manure in the production of vegetables like celery cabbage should be combination with appropriate inorganic fertilizer.
Effects of Different Level of Sawdust Substrates on the Growth and Yield of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus) Or, Chanthan; Sin, Putheasath; Hong, Chhun; Ros, Vanchey; Kang, Tithya; Kong, Saroeun; Pen, Dina; Serey, Mardy
Techno Agriculturae Studium of Research Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/agriculturae.v1i4.1513

Abstract

The objective of the experiment was to test the effect of different levels of sawdust substrates on the growths and yields of oyster mushroom. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involved five treatments and four replications. The treatments were T1: rice husk 70% plus other substrate, T2: rice husk 80% plus other substrate, T3: rice husk 90% plus other substrate, T4: rice husk 80% plus other substrate and T5: rice husk 100% plus with other substrate. A total of 500 bags were representatives for 5 treatments or 100 bags for 4 replications or 25 bags for one replication. Three randomize mushroom bags among 25 bags in each replications were representative samples to measurement. Though the experiment shows that length, cap diameter, number of fruit body/packet, yield/packet and total yield in 25 bags were not significant different (P>0.05) among different treatments but total yield was better when sawdust used at 80%and substrates from rice husk (25%), rice straw (5%), rice bran (5%) and other element substrates.
Co-Authors Hong, Chhun Kang, Tithya Kong, Saroeun Pen, Dina Phon, Sophat Ros, Vanchey Serey, Mardy Sin, Putheasath