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Enhancing Livelihoods: Mushroom Cultivation Practices and Challenges of Smallholder Farmers in Svay Rieng and Svay Chrum Districts, Cambodia Or, Chanthan; Sin, Putheasath; Hong, Chhun; Ros, Vanchey; Kang, Tithya; Pen, Dina; Serey, Mardy
Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): (January) Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement
Publisher : PT. Altaf Publishing Corp

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70895/ijce.v1i2.20

Smallholder farmers in Svay Rieng Province, Cambodia, play a crucial role in the country's agricultural sector, particularly in mushroom cultivation. Despite facing numerous challenges such as limited access to resources, climate change, and market uncertainties, these farmers contribute significantly to the national food security. This study aims to explore the technical knowledge, technical adaptation and practices of mushroom growing, and to analyze the economic efficiency of mushroom growing of smallholder farmers in Svay Rieng and Svay Chrum districts, Svay Rieng province, Cambodia. Eight farmers in three target villages were selected for household surveys (four farmers were the target and others four are non-target). Two types of mushroom were selected to grow by farmers, which are Straw and Oyster Mushroom. Fifty percent of farmers (both target and non-target) experienced in mushroom growing for more than five years and all of target farmers received technical training on mushroom growing from HEQCIP Project while only half of the non-target farmers used to get training from Government project (Provincial Department of Agriculture). At the same time, only one half of interviewed farmers share their technical knowledge and experiences on mushroom growing with their relatives, neighbors, and other farmers in their communities. All farmers apply mushroom growing techniques provided by the project together with their experiences and local knowledge. Even farmers in the targeted communities used natural fertilizers in mushroom growing, but 50% of them still used chemical fertilizers. It is interesting that all farmers sprayed jungle white before start growing, except 25% of the straw mushroom targeted farmers do not do that. The average profits for a targeted farmer gained from mushroom growing per production cycle is 600,250 Riels which is equal to 180% compared with expenses; or 60% compare with the total incomes while the non-targeted farmers profit is about 110% (504,250 Riels) compared with the expense; or 50% compared with the incomes. Even though the profit percentage from mushroom growing is higher than vegetable cultivation, but only 25% of the target and 50% of the non-target farmers who indicated their livelihood have improved a lot while the rest mentioned little improvement. This is because 50% of targeted and 75% of non-targeted farmers used incomes from mushroom production to repay their loan.

Integration into Formal Economy: A Systematic Review on the Challenges and Opportunities for Informal SMEs in Cambodia Or, Chanthan; Phon, Sophat; Serey, Mardy
Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): NOVEMBER
Publisher : Yayasan Kawanad

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56347/jle.v4i2.360

The informal economy accounts for a substantial share of economic activity across developing nations, where Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) serve as primary engines for job creation and income generation. Yet informality frequently confines these enterprises to persistent cycles of low productivity and economic vulnerability. Drawing on 12 studies published between 2000 and 2025, our systematic literature review examines the multifaceted barriers and pathways associated with transitioning informal SMEs into the formal economy, with particular attention to Cambodia. We synthesize theoretical frameworks on informal economy dynamics and SME development, analyze Cambodia's informal sector characteristics, identify formalization obstacles, and examine integration possibilities. Our literature search spanned multiple databases—JSTOR, Google Scholar, and repositories from the ILO, UNDP, World Bank, and ADB. We selected peer-reviewed articles and reports addressing informal economy and SME formalization in Cambodia and Southeast Asia more broadly. Our findings reveal that despite substantial barriers—financial constraints and regulatory complexities—targeted policy interventions can unlock considerable integration potential.

Integration into Formal Economy: A Systematic Review on the Challenges and Opportunities for Informal SMEs in Cambodia Or, Chanthan; Phon, Sophat; Serey, Mardy
Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): NOVEMBER
Publisher : Yayasan Kawanad

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56347/jle.v4i2.360

The informal economy accounts for a substantial share of economic activity across developing nations, where Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) serve as primary engines for job creation and income generation. Yet informality frequently confines these enterprises to persistent cycles of low productivity and economic vulnerability. Drawing on 12 studies published between 2000 and 2025, our systematic literature review examines the multifaceted barriers and pathways associated with transitioning informal SMEs into the formal economy, with particular attention to Cambodia. We synthesize theoretical frameworks on informal economy dynamics and SME development, analyze Cambodia's informal sector characteristics, identify formalization obstacles, and examine integration possibilities. Our literature search spanned multiple databases—JSTOR, Google Scholar, and repositories from the ILO, UNDP, World Bank, and ADB. We selected peer-reviewed articles and reports addressing informal economy and SME formalization in Cambodia and Southeast Asia more broadly. Our findings reveal that despite substantial barriers—financial constraints and regulatory complexities—targeted policy interventions can unlock considerable integration potential.

Effects of Cattle Manure or Its Combination with Chemical Fertilizers on Growing Celery Cabbage Or, Chanthan; Sin, Putheasath; Hong, Chhun; Ros, Vanchey; Kang, Tithya; Kong, Saroeun; Pen, Dina; Serey, Mardy
Techno Agriculturae Studium of Research Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/agriculturae.v1i4.1512

The experiment was conducted in Svay Rieng University in January and February 2015. The objective of the experiment was to test the effect of organic fertilizer from cattle manure alone or combination with inorganic fertilizer from urea and NPK on growing celery cabbage products. The area of each plot was 2m2 (2m length x 1m width) and spacing between each plant was 25cm and each plot was 1m. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involved five treatments and four replications. The treatments were T0: Control (no fertilizer), T1: Cattle manure only, T2: Cattle manure + Urea + NPK (15:15:15), T3: Cattle manure + Liquid organic fertilizer and T4: Cattle manure + Urea + NPK + Liquid organic fertilizer. Though the experiment showed that the application of cow manure, urea and NPK fertilizer (T2) had gave plants with the greatest plant height, leaf area (length and width), root length, root weight, plant weight and biomass yield of celery. The data obtained from these treatments were significantly higher than the data obtained from the control (T0) and cattle manure alone (T1). Therefore, it is concluded that the use of organic manure from cattle manure in the production of vegetables like celery cabbage should be combination with appropriate inorganic fertilizer.

Effects of Different Level of Sawdust Substrates on the Growth and Yield of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus) Or, Chanthan; Sin, Putheasath; Hong, Chhun; Ros, Vanchey; Kang, Tithya; Kong, Saroeun; Pen, Dina; Serey, Mardy
Techno Agriculturae Studium of Research Vol. 1 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/agriculturae.v1i4.1513

The objective of the experiment was to test the effect of different levels of sawdust substrates on the growths and yields of oyster mushroom. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involved five treatments and four replications. The treatments were T1: rice husk 70% plus other substrate, T2: rice husk 80% plus other substrate, T3: rice husk 90% plus other substrate, T4: rice husk 80% plus other substrate and T5: rice husk 100% plus with other substrate. A total of 500 bags were representatives for 5 treatments or 100 bags for 4 replications or 25 bags for one replication. Three randomize mushroom bags among 25 bags in each replications were representative samples to measurement. Though the experiment shows that length, cap diameter, number of fruit body/packet, yield/packet and total yield in 25 bags were not significant different (P>0.05) among different treatments but total yield was better when sawdust used at 80%and substrates from rice husk (25%), rice straw (5%), rice bran (5%) and other element substrates.

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