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All Journal Al-'Adalah SAMARAH: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam Bulletin of Islamic Research
Mohamed Esa, Mohd Suffian
Unknown Affiliation
Religion Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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A Systematic Literature Review on Conditional Cash Transfers in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Countries for Tackling Poverty Mohamed Esa, Mohd Suffian; Yaacob, Salmy Edawati; Wahid, Hairunnizam
Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam Vol 9, No 1 (2025): Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam
Publisher : Islamic Family Law Department, Sharia and Law Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/sjhk.v9i1.20577

Abstract

Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have been highly effective in reducing poverty globally, particularly in countries such as Brazil and Mexico. However, numerous OIC countries continue to experience high poverty levels, emphasizing the need for programs that are specifically adapted to their unique socio-economic contexts. The goal of this study is to systematically review and synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs in poverty eradication in OIC member countries. This study utilized a systematic review following the ROSES protocol for transparency and rigor. Inductive thematic analysis was applied to identify key patterns, synthesizing 23 articles published between 2018 and 2023 for comprehensive insights into the research topic. Five significant themes were identified based on the thematic analysis: (1) Health Conditionality and Impact on CCT Programs; (2) Education Conditionality and Impact on CCT Programs; (3 CCT Programs Impact on Poverty; (4) Issues and Challenges in CCT Programs; (5) Intervention in CCT Programs. Thirteen sub-themes were built from these five fundamental concepts. This study reviews recent advancements in CCT programs and their impact on poverty alleviation in OIC countries, offering insights for implementation and providing valuable information for scholars. It emphasizes the potential integration of Islamic fiscal resources, such as zakat, and the incorporation of religious principles as conditionalities within CCT models from an Islamic legal perspective. These aspects offer promising avenues for future research, providing valuable insights that could enhance poverty reduction strategies and serve as important guidance for scholars and policymakers.
Establishing Shariah Audit Criteria for Zakat Operations: Where to Begin? Mohamed Esa, Mohd Suffian; Yaacob, Salmy Edawati; Wahid, Hairunnizam
Bulletin of Islamic Research Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Educational Foundation for Qur'anic Exegesis and Hadith Studies (Yayasan Pendidikan Tafsir Hadis)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69526/bir.v3i4.402

Abstract

This study addresses the absence of structured Shariah audit mechanisms in zakat institutions, particularly in the operational aspects of zakat distribution. Hence, the objective of the study is to develop Shariah audit criteria grounded in authoritative references such as fatwas, governance manuals, and Islamic finance standards. Adopting a qualitative document analysis approach guided by the Logical Framework model, this study systematically translates key Shariah principles into practical audit criteria. The findings aim to enhance Shariah assurance, improve institutional accountability, and support more consistent zakat governance practices across decentralized systems. This study presents the development of Shariah audit criteria for zakat distribution by integrating documentary sources such as fatwas, governance standards, and institutional SOPs with practical operational considerations. Key findings include a structured set of audit criteria rooted in principles such as comprehensiveness, prioritisation, and data completeness, which were translated into actionable audit tools. The study also identifies critical enablers such as trained personnel, dedicated Shariah committees, and supportive digital systems that are necessary for effective Shariah auditing. Discussions highlight three key governance gaps: the lack of structured Shariah oversight mechanisms, limited legal institutionalisation of Shariah functions, and insufficient stakeholder competency. The study calls for the establishment of a formal Shariah governance framework, aligned with national enactments and supported by a Shariah Audit Competency Framework. Overall, this research contributes to institutionalising Shariah auditing as both a compliance and strategic governance tool in zakat management, fostering transparency, accountability, and public trust in line with the maqasid of zakat.
Content and Face Validity of Religious Conditionality in Conditional Cash Transfers for Zakat Distribution Mohamed Esa, Mohd Suffian; Salmy Edawati Yaacob; Hairunnizam Wahid; Amir Fazlim Jusoh
al-'adalah Vol 22 No 2 (2025): Al-'Adalah
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24042/adalah.v222.26287

Abstract

Despite the increasing distribution of zakat in Malaysia, its effectiveness in alleviating poverty remains limited, partly due to unproductive behaviors among recipients. Simultaneously, current Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs lack long- term sustainability. Integrating religious conditionality into zakat-based CCT models may address these limitations. This study aims to evaluate the content and face validity of religious conditionality items developed from a comprehensive literature review. A total of 12 items were assessed by 10 experts using established validation methods. Content validity was evaluated using the Content Validity Index (CVI), Kappa statistics, and Content Validity Ratio (CVR), while face validity was measured through expert agreement on item relevance and clarity. The findings indicate that the RC-ZCCT scale has strong content and face validity. I-CVI scores ranged from 0.90 to 1.00, with S-CVI scores of 0.975 (relevance) and 0.950 (clarity). Kappa statistics also ranged from 0.90 to 1.00, and CVR values from 0.80 to 1.00, all exceeding accepted thresholds. Face validity results showed expert agreement ranging from 90% to 100%, with an overall agreement of 96%, confirming the appropriateness of the items. Minor revisions were made based on expert feedback, but all items were retained. The validated RC-ZCCT scale presents a reliable instrument for developing zakat-based interventions that incorporate religious conditionality, offering potential to improve poverty alleviation and human capital development. Future research should explore the impact of religious conditionality on CCT outcomes to further enhance the effectiveness of such programs
Co-Authors Amir Fazlim Jusoh Hairunnizam Wahid Hairunnizam Wahid, Hairunnizam Salmy Edawati Yaacob Yaacob, Salmy Edawati