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All Journal INVENTION: Journal Research and Education Studies AR-RUMMAN: Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation
Sinaga, Odor Debora Pita Uli
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Literature Study: Cortisol Hormone to DHEA-S Ratio as an Indicator of HPA Axis Activity in Chronic Stress and Insulin Resistance Sinaga, Odor Debora Pita Uli; Gultom, Febry Yeni; Sihite, Judika Adventist Maleakhi; Solin, Naomi Putri Chelsea; Silitonga, Melva
AR-RUMMAN: Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation Vol 2, No 1 (2025): Juni 2025
Publisher : CV. Rayyan Dwi Bharata

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.57235/arrumman.v2i1.6010

Abstract

Chronic stress can disrupt the regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, causing dysregulation of cortisol secretion and an imbalance in the ratio of cortisol to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), which is implicated in the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Cortisol, as an insulin antagonist, increases hepatic glucose production and reduces peripheral glucose uptake, while DHEA-S has a protective effect on glucose metabolism. This literature review aims to evaluate the evidence related to the role of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio as a potential biomarker in the relationship between chronic stress and insulin resistance. The method used is a critical synthesis of previous studies on the mechanism of the HPA axis, the impact of stress on glucose metabolism, and the clinical significance of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio. The results of the analysis indicate that an imbalance in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio due to chronic stress contributes to impaired insulin sensitivity, reinforcing the importance of this biomarker approach in the management of T2DM risk. This study highlights the need for further research to validate the use of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio as a predictive tool and therapeutic intervention.
Literature Study: Cortisol Hormone to DHEA-S Ratio as an Indicator of HPA Axis Activity in Chronic Stress and Insulin Resistance Sinaga, Odor Debora Pita Uli; Gultom, Febry Yeni; Sihite, Judika Adventist Maleakhi; Solin, Naomi Putri Chelsea; Silitonga, Melva
AR-RUMMAN: Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation Vol 2, No 1 (2025): Juni 2025
Publisher : CV. Rayyan Dwi Bharata

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.57235/arrumman.v2i1.6010

Abstract

Chronic stress can disrupt the regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, causing dysregulation of cortisol secretion and an imbalance in the ratio of cortisol to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), which is implicated in the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Cortisol, as an insulin antagonist, increases hepatic glucose production and reduces peripheral glucose uptake, while DHEA-S has a protective effect on glucose metabolism. This literature review aims to evaluate the evidence related to the role of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio as a potential biomarker in the relationship between chronic stress and insulin resistance. The method used is a critical synthesis of previous studies on the mechanism of the HPA axis, the impact of stress on glucose metabolism, and the clinical significance of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio. The results of the analysis indicate that an imbalance in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio due to chronic stress contributes to impaired insulin sensitivity, reinforcing the importance of this biomarker approach in the management of T2DM risk. This study highlights the need for further research to validate the use of the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio as a predictive tool and therapeutic intervention.
A Synthesis of Research on the Implementation and Impact of the 5E Learning Cycle Model in Science Education Sinaga, Odor Debora Pita Uli; H, Helen Veronita; Simanjuntak, Mariati Purnama
Invention: Journal Research and Education Studies Volume 6 Nomor 3 November 2025 | IN PRESS
Publisher : CV. PUSDIKRA MITRA JAYA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51178/invention.v6i3.2920

Abstract

The 5E Learning Cycle model has emerged as one of the most effective constructivist approaches for enhancing students’ engagement and conceptual understanding in science learning. This study aims to comprehensively review the application and impact of the 5E Learning Cycle model on various aspects of learning in primary and secondary education. A systematic analysis was conducted on twenty peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2025 to identify how this model influences cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning outcomes. The review focuses on the effects of the 5E model on students’ science process skills, science literacy, higher-order thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and character development. Findings reveal that the implementation of the 5E Learning Cycle, which consists of the stages of Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration, and Evaluation, successfully creates active, constructive, and meaningful learning experiences. The model’s consistent application improves learning motivation, scientific attitudes, and conceptual mastery, with reported N-Gain values ranging from 0.37 to 0.69, indicating moderate to high improvement levels. Integrating the 5E model with learning strategies such as mind mapping, STEM-based worksheets, Quizwhizzer, and educational media further enhances its effectiveness in promoting science literacy and critical thinking. Although most studies emphasize short-term outcomes, overall findings confirm that the 5E Learning Cycle is a relevant and adaptive approach for addressing 21st-century learning challenges by fostering active engagement, deep understanding, and holistic character formation.
Co-Authors Gultom, Febry Yeni H, Helen Veronita Melva Silitonga Sihite, Judika Adventist Maleakhi Simanjutak, Mariati Purnama Solin, Naomi Putri Chelsea