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Estrellado, John Ray C.
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Medicine & Pharmacology

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Multi-Objective Taguchi Optimization of Electrospinning Parameters for the Development of Poly-(vinyl alcohol)/Waste Wooden Utensil Nanocellulose/Phycocyanin Electrospun Fibers Vergel De Dios, Tabitha P.; Luares, Mia A.; Arboleda, Will; Calibara, Myiesha Dane C.; Estrellado, John Ray C.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research Vol. 6 No. 6 (2025): International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Rese
Publisher : Future Science / FSH-PH Publications

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber.06.06.31

Abstract

The lack of widespread commercial repurposing and recycling of waste wooden utensils contribute to pollution and toxic waste in the environment. This study aims to develop a sustainable method of repurposing waste wooden utensils into mechanically-robust electrospun fibers. Waste wooden utensil nanocellulose (WUNC) was produced using delignification, bleaching, and hydrolysis. Polymer mixtures consisting of 10% poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), WUNC, and the pigment-protein complex phycocyanin (PC) were prepared for electrospinning following the Taguchi robust optimization design. Three parameters, namely WUNC addition (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 g./100 g), PC addition (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 g./100 g), and electrospinning voltage (25, 27.5, 30 kV), were varied to optimize loading capacity and tensile strength. Results showed WUNC addition of 0.2 g./100 g., PC addition of 0.3 g./100 g., and voltage of 25 kV optimal for loading capacity, with PC addition having the highest contribution at 44.54%. WUNC addition of 0.3 g./100 g., PC addition of 0.1 g./100 g., and voltage of 30 kV optimized tensile strength, with WUNC addition having the highest contribution at 57.99%. Produced WUNC resulted in a nanocellulose yield of approximately 16.81% with FTIR spectra revealing the removal of lignin and hemicellulose and increase of cellulose crystallinity. FTIR spectra for the electrospun fibers indicate successful integration of all components in the electrospun fibers. SEM analyses confirmed the creation of electrospun fibers within the nanosize range. Results confirmed the viability to extract nanocellulose and synthesize fibers from waste wooden utensils for enhancement of electrospun mats quality for biomedical applications, and offer new knowledge on wood-based nanomaterials.
Box-Behnken Design-Based Optimization of Treatment Parameters for Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Removal of Synthetic Wastewater using Immobilized Spirulina platensis Beads Calajate, Sean Andre D.; Robles, Francis Edric M.; Rojas, Maria Francesca I.; Tolentino, Tristan Josef A.; Masongsong, Angela Nicole S.; Estrellado, John Ray C.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research Vol. 6 No. 6 (2025): International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Rese
Publisher : Future Science / FSH-PH Publications

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber.06.06.32

Abstract

Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), a bioavailable phosphorus form, contributes to over-eutrophication by stimulating uncontrolled algal growth. This study aims to determine the optimum treatment parameters for the SRP removal from synthetic wastewater using the alginate-immobilized cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis. S. platensis was immobilized in alginate beads with varying alginate concentrations (2.5%, 3%, and 3.5% w/v), and subjected to varying operation time (1, 2, and 3 days), and bead dosage (1.5, 2, and 2.5 beads/mL) for SRP removal using Box-Behnken experimental design. Resulting model indicated a strong predictive relationship with R2 = 0.9253 and p = 0.0212. Main effects of bead dosage (p = 0.01372), its quadratic effect (p = 0.01643), and its interaction with alginate concentration (p = 0.00465) were found to be statistically significant. Predicted optimum parameters (2.5% w/v alginate, 3 days, and 1.5 beads/mL) were validated and resulted in a lower SRP removal of 92.80 ± 0.73% with a percent error of 5.22% relative to a predicted SRP removal of 97.91%. Extrapolation of the prediction model to 100% outside the experimental region was verified resulting in SRP removal of 97.39 ± 0.08% with a percent error of 2.61% was achieved by adjusting the operation time to 3.4 days. The study shows promising potential of immobilized S. platensis beads in addressing over-eutrophication through significant phosphorus reduction.
Barrier Property, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Biodegradability of Waste Cassava Peel Starch/Waste Shrimp Shell Chitosan/Sorbitol Bioplastic Films Molina, Bianca Isabel B.; Dejuras, Joachim Florenzo C.; Picar, André E.; Veran, Maria Julliana T.; Estrellado, John Ray C.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research Vol. 6 No. 8 (2025): International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Rese
Publisher : Future Science / FSH-PH Publications

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber.06.08.16

Abstract

Barrier properties, antimicrobial susceptibility potential, and biodegradability of bioplastics are critical indicators of bioplastic viability in industrial use, especially when raw materials to the production were sourced from food waste, such as waste cassava peel starch and shrimp shell chitosan. This study aims to investigate these properties from the created bioplastic film primarily consisting of cassava peel starch (CPS) and shrimp shell chitosan (SSCHT), with sorbitol (SOR) as a plasticizer, utilizing green methods and a constrained D-optimal mixture design. Films were assessed via water uptake, water vapor transmission rate, morphology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biodegradability. Models were generated in terms of water uptake (p = 0.0684) and water vapor transmission rate (p = 0.0013). CPS (p = 0.0008) had a significant effect on water uptake levels due to its hydroxyl groups, which form hydrogen bonds that retain water. On the other hand, water vapor transmission rate was significantly affected by CPS (p = 0.0001) and SOR (p = 0.0001). Although SSCHT (p = 0.0787) was statistically insignificant its acetyl group reduced the hydrophilic nature of CPS. CPS and SOR were found to positively affect weight loss through biodegradation due to increased hydrophilicity and microbial colonization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 300x magnification revealed visibly smooth morphology of films, while at 1500x and 6500x magnification the films had visible crevices possibly due to greater SSCHT concentrations lower WVTR, and higher CPS concentrations raising water absorption levels.    
Nanocellulose and Phycocyanin as Viable Additives for Electrospun Fibers: A Review of Functional Properties, Electrospinning Parameters, and Physicochemical Characterization De Dios, Tabitha P. Vergel; Luares, Mia A.; Calibara, Myiesha Dane C.; Arboleda, Samuel Nelson G.; Estrellado, John Ray C.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research Vol. 6 No. 8 (2025): International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Rese
Publisher : Future Science / FSH-PH Publications

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber.06.08.08

Abstract

This literature review aims to highlight the developments and future directions in the use of nanocellulose and phycocyanin as electrospinning additives for biomedical applications, specifically in wound healing. Nanocellulose, a cellulose derivative known for its surface area, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility, is proposed as a sustainable alternative to enhancers of mechanical properties. Phycocyanin, a blue pigment from cyanobacteria, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which may potentially enhance the performance of nanocellulose. The combination of the two components in electrospun fibers demonstrates significant promise for effective wound healing applications. However, progress is limited by the scarcity of experimental studies integrating both materials. One of the future directions of the study is improving the stability and shelf-life of phycocyanin within nanofibers, including approaches such as encapsulation and protective coatings. Scaling and manufacturing challenges, including high energy consumption and harsh chemical treatments in nanocellulose extraction, as well as the parameters of electrospinning, need to be addressed to enable mainstream commercialization. Further exploration of sustainable and purely physical extraction methods for nanocellulose is also critical for environmentally friendly alternatives to process scale-up and intensification.
Co-Authors Arboleda, Samuel Nelson G. Arboleda, Will Calajate, Sean Andre D. Calibara, Myiesha Dane C. De Dios, Tabitha P. Vergel Dejuras, Joachim Florenzo C. Luares, Mia A. Masongsong, Angela Nicole S. Molina, Bianca Isabel B. Picar, André E. Robles, Francis Edric M. Rojas, Maria Francesca I. Tolentino, Tristan Josef A. Veran, Maria Julliana T. Vergel De Dios, Tabitha P.