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All Journal International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP)
Sunardi, Didin
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Nursing Public Health

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The Dynamics Analysis of Development and Basic Principles of Health Insurance in Indonesia Sulatriningsih, Sri; Sunardi, Didin; Puspitaloka Mahadewi, Erlina
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): May 2025 ( Indonesia - Iraq - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i2.372

Abstract

Healthcare insurance in Indonesia is mandated by the 1945 Constitution, Article 34 paragraph 2. The basic principles of health insurance in Indonesia are based on social justice and broad coverage and support the sustainability of an inclusive and equitable health service system. The health insurance system in Indonesia has transformed into Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. Problems that are still obstacles to the effectiveness of the JKN system include slow payment of claims to health facilities, moral hazard, and gaps in the quality of services between health facilities in big cities and remote areas. This study aims to analyze the basic principles and dynamics of the development of the national health insurance system in Indonesia. The method used is a literature study of scientific sources, public policies, and official reports. The results of the study and review indicate that the principles of solidarity, equity, and sustainability are the main foundations in the implementation of JKN. Although coverage has expanded significantly, challenges such as gaps in access to services, imbalances in contributions and financing, and low public understanding of health insurance still need attention.
Antimicrobial Resistance As A Global Health Threat: A Review Of Antibiotic Use Patterns, Policies, And Cross-Country Impacts Agustina, Ariska; Paramita Putri, Prima; Destya Arini, Kartika; Nurhasanah, Imas; Kusumastuti Setianingrum, Evi; Sunardi, Didin; Amnurokhim Malahade, M.
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.431

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge that threatens the effectiveness of infection treatment and the success of modern medical procedures. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, both in healthcare facilities and in the community, has accelerated the emergence of resistance. Irregular distribution, access without prescription, and the use of antibiotics for non-medical purposes such as agriculture have exacerbated the situation. Global policies, such as the Global Action Plan on AMR initiated by the WHO in 2015, aim to harmonize cross-border efforts to control AMR through a multisectoral One Health approach. However, its implementation still faces various challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries due to resource constraints, weak surveillance systems, and inadequate regulations. The cross-border impact of AMR is very real, including increased global health costs, the spread of resistant strains through human mobility, and inequalities in access to the latest generation of antibiotics. Therefore, global synergy is needed to improve antibiotic governance, strengthen surveillance systems, and educate the public and health workers. This article reviews the latest literature and policies on AMR to understand the dynamics of antibiotic use, global policy challenges, and the direction of cross-border solutions.
Co-Authors Agustina, Ariska Amnurokhim Malahade, M. Destya Arini, Kartika Kusumastuti Setianingrum, Evi Nurhasanah, Imas Paramita Putri, Prima Puspitaloka Mahadewi, Erlina Sulatriningsih, Sri