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All Journal International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP)
Kusumastuti Setianingrum, Evi
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Nursing Public Health

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Economy Risk Classification And Legal Principles In Insurance Coverage For Modern Insurance Practice In Indonesia Agustina, Ariska; Paramita Putri, Prima; Kusumastuti Setianingrum, Evi; Puspitaloka Mahadewi, Erlina
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): May 2025 ( Indonesia - Iraq - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i2.415

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal principles underlying insurance coverage and economy risk classification in modern insurance practices. The principles of insurance law: utmost good faith, insurable interest, indemnity, subrogation, proximate cause, are important foundations in regulating the relationship between the insurer and the insured. On the other hand, risk classification plays a crucial role in the assessment, premium determination, risk selection, and risk management by insurance companies. The method used is a literature study with a normative approach, examining regulations, legal doctrines, scientific literature, and practices in the insurance industry. The results of the study indicate that a deep understanding of the principles of insurance law and risk classification can improve transparency, contractual fairness, moral hazard risk mitigation, operational efficiency in the insurance industry. Risks in insurance are classified into two main categories, namely pure risk which is related to the possibility of loss alone and speculative risk which involves the possibility of profit or loss. The six basic principles of insurance law, insurable interest, utmost good faith, proximate cause, indemnity, subrogation, contribution are the foundation for the formation and implementation of a valid insurance contract. The development of digital technology, the use of big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning in the insurance sector, has brought significant changes to risk classification methods, underwriting, and claims assessment processes. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of legal principles and risk classification is essential to ensure legal protection, increase public trust, and support the sustainability of health and general insurance practices in the modern era for Indonesia.
Health Insurance Model In The Perspective Of Health Economics: Transformation, Regulation, And Implementation In Indonesia agustina, Ariska; Paramita Putri, Prima; Kusumastuti Setianingrum, Evi; Hartono, Budi; Ghutsa Daud, Alfani
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.421

Abstract

Health insurance is an important component of the health financing system that aims to ensure equitable and sustainable access to health services. From a health economics perspective, the insurance system is able to mitigate the financial risk of illness while managing the efficiency and distribution of financing collectively. This study examines the development of health insurance models in Indonesia, ranging from traditional, modern, to managed care models, and analyses the challenges and implementation strategies of the National Health Insurance (JKN) programme by BPJS Kesehatan. A qualitative approach based on literature study was used with data sources from scientific journals, national regulations, BPJS Kesehatan reports, and public policy documents.The results show that the traditional model tends to be inefficient because it is prone to overutilisation and fraud. Modern models and managed care provide solutions through quality and cost control. However, the implementation of JKN in Indonesia still faces various challenges, such as delays in claim payments, moral hazard, and financing imbalances. One strategy for system sustainability is through the optimisation of participant fund assets, which can be productively invested to support promotive services, infrastructure, and strengthening the healthcare system. With transparent governance, the results of this asset optimisation can be returned for the benefit of the wider community. This study is expected to be a scientific contribution in supporting health financing policy reforms that are inclusive, efficient, and sustainable.
Antimicrobial Resistance As A Global Health Threat: A Review Of Antibiotic Use Patterns, Policies, And Cross-Country Impacts Agustina, Ariska; Paramita Putri, Prima; Destya Arini, Kartika; Nurhasanah, Imas; Kusumastuti Setianingrum, Evi; Sunardi, Didin; Amnurokhim Malahade, M.
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.431

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge that threatens the effectiveness of infection treatment and the success of modern medical procedures. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, both in healthcare facilities and in the community, has accelerated the emergence of resistance. Irregular distribution, access without prescription, and the use of antibiotics for non-medical purposes such as agriculture have exacerbated the situation. Global policies, such as the Global Action Plan on AMR initiated by the WHO in 2015, aim to harmonize cross-border efforts to control AMR through a multisectoral One Health approach. However, its implementation still faces various challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries due to resource constraints, weak surveillance systems, and inadequate regulations. The cross-border impact of AMR is very real, including increased global health costs, the spread of resistant strains through human mobility, and inequalities in access to the latest generation of antibiotics. Therefore, global synergy is needed to improve antibiotic governance, strengthen surveillance systems, and educate the public and health workers. This article reviews the latest literature and policies on AMR to understand the dynamics of antibiotic use, global policy challenges, and the direction of cross-border solutions.
Co-Authors Agustina, Ariska Amnurokhim Malahade, M. Budi Hartono Destya Arini, Kartika Ghutsa Daud, Alfani Nurhasanah, Imas Paramita Putri, Prima Puspitaloka Mahadewi, Erlina Sunardi, Didin