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Thyroid Cancer : an Overview of Epidemiology, Risk Factor, and Treatment Arista, Rida Dwi; Khaula Karima; M. Fardi Anugrah; Puji Widyastuti; Eva Triani
Lombok Medical Journal Vol. 2 No. 3 (2023): Lombok Medical Journal Volume 2 Nomor 3
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/lmj.v2i2.2791

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer of the endocrine glands with a prevalence of approximately 95% of all malignancies. Its incidence has increased more rapidly since the 1990s than any other cancer. Thyroid cancer is divided into 4 types based on its histopathology. The nature of this cancer varies, ranging from slow progressive to aggressive. Like other cancers, thyroid cancer if left untreated will invade other organs of thebody. We collect several reading journals that discuss epidemiology, risk factors, management for thyroid gland cancer and present them descriptively. The purpose of writing this article is to discuss the latest epidemiology and risk factors that influence the incidence of thyroid cancer as well as the old and newest treatments in treating thyroid cancer. The results of this article found several risk factors thought to influence prevalence, namely radiation exposure, genetic mutation, heredity, iodine deficiency, increased TSH, autoimmune, thyroid nodules, environment, lifestyle, and estrogen. Treatments that need to be carried out are surgery, RAI therapy, thyroid hormone therapy, external radiation, systemic chemotherapy, and combination therapy. Through this discussion, it is hoped that it can become material for analysis and reference in the treatment of thyroid gland cancer. Keyword : Thyroid cancer, epidemiology, risk factor, and treatment
Meningitis Bakterial: Epidemiologi, Patofisiologi, dan Penatalaksanaan Puji Widyastuti; Herdiana Nurul Utami; M. Fardi Anugrah; Rohadi
Lombok Medical Journal Vol. 2 No. 3 (2023): Lombok Medical Journal Volume 2 Nomor 3
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/lmj.v2i2.2962

Abstract

The brain is a complex, delicate neural organ protected by the skull, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. This protection can be damaged by disease, such as bacterial meningitis. Its high morbidity and mortality results in the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment. This literature review uses a literature study method from various references and focuses on the incidence of bacterial meningitis with search engines, namely PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. Nineteen articles were found to be suitable for reference in this literature review. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges due to infection with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type B. The incidence of bacterial meningitis worldwide reached 8.7 million cases with 379,000 deaths. In Indonesia, there were 78,018 cases with 4313 deaths. Symptoms of bacterial meningitis include fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental status with complications of focal neurologic deficits, hearing and cognitive impairment, seizures, and hydrocephalus. Treatment for bacterial meningitis includes antibiotics ceftriaxone, cephalosporin, penicillin, or ampicillin in combination with corticosteroids which should be given as soon as possible to minimize symptoms, complications, and mortality.