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All Journal Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Cheong, Jia Qi
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Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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The impact of COVID-19 on e-commerce: a cross-national analysis of policy implications Cheong, Jia Qi; Tsen, Wong Hock; Abdul Karim, Samsul Ariffin; Cheah, Jeffrey S. S.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 38, No 3: June 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v38.i3.pp1946-1956

Abstract

The field of e-commerce research has evolved over recent decades, but the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly accelerated its prominence, as evidenced by extensive literature. The pandemic underscored the pivotal role of e-commerce in driving the digital transformation of the global economy. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive reviews in this area, particularly comparative analyses of how different countries leveraged e-commerce to navigate the pandemic’s challenges. This paper addresses this gap by examining the literature on e-commerce adoption and its implications during COVID-19, focusing on select countries, including China, Malaysia, and several European nations. The case of China, as a major economic power in Asia, offers particularly valuable insights.
Dynamic linkages between woman labor participation and economic growth in ASEAN Muttaqin, Ecky Imamul; Widyasari, Maya; Aulia, Sulthonul; Adzimatinur, Fauziyah; Cheong, Jia Qi
Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan Vol. 27 No. 1: April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jesp.v27i1.31370

Abstract

This study analyses the dynamic interplay between women's labor market attributes and economic growth in Southeast Asia, specifically in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, from 2000 to 2023. This study, inspired by modernisation theory and ongoing gender inequalities in labor markets, examines the interplay between female vulnerable employment, female self-employment, and the female-to-male labor force participation ratio in relation to GDP growth. A Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model, estimated via the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), utilises data from the World Development Indicators to identify bidirectional and dynamic causal links among the variables. The estimation results indicate that female vulnerable employment and female self-employment positively and significantly influence GDP growth, while the female-to-male labor force participation ratio demonstrates a negative but statistically negligible effect. Impulse response functions indicate that shocks to female self-employment have a positive impact on GDP in the short term, but shocks to female vulnerable employment first decrease GDP before stabilising. Forecast error variance decomposition reveals that GDP fluctuations are predominantly influenced by their own shocks, but female self-employment progressively contributes to GDP variance with time. The findings underscore the significant yet diverse impact of women's labor patterns on economic growth, highlighting the necessity for measures that mitigate vulnerability and enhance the quality of female work in ASEAN countries.
Co-Authors Adzimatinur, Fauziyah Aulia, Sulthonul Cheah, Jeffrey S. S. Muttaqin, Ecky Imamul Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim Tsen, Wong Hock Widyasari, Maya