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All Journal Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia Berdikari : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Statistik Indonesia Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan Journal of Central Banking Law and Institutions PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA SCIENCE AND OFFICIAL STATISTICS
Ruslan, Kadir
Unknown Affiliation
Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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DIGITAL ECONOMY CHALLENGE: HIDDEN EXPLOITATION OF CHILD LABOUR THROUGH THE USE OF DIGITAL DEVICES Sukma, Weni Lidya; Ruslan, Kadir
Journal of Central Banking Law and Institutions Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Bank Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21098/jcli.v4i2.252

Abstract

This study focuses on child labour working hours for children aged 5-14, utilising National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) data collected in August 2023. Specifically, it examines the impact ofthe use of digital devices on the working hours for child labourers. Applying ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to the data, our findings indicate that digital tools increase working hours by 1.12 per week, even after controlling for various explanatory variables. This effect is particularly pronounced for child workers aged 12-14. Factors such as low levels of education and employment in the service sector were identified as contributors to extended working hours for child labour. However, digital tools and the internet have become essential for everyone, including children. Therefore, reducing child labour and working hours requires a multifaceted approach involving strengthening regulations, restoring disrupted children’s education, and enhancing overall well-being.
Does Government Agricultural Machinery Assistance Increase Paddy Yield? Impact Evaluation in West Java Province Using Propensity Score Matching Ruslan, Kadir; Sukma, Weni Lidya
Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Statistik Indonesia Vol 5 No 2 (2025): Berdikari: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Statistik Indonesia (JESI)
Publisher : Future Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/jesi.05.02.03

Abstract

Amidst a decade of increasing government agricultural machinery assistance, paddy yield in East Java, a major paddy-producing region in Indonesia, has stagnated, threatening the region's food security. This study evaluates the impact of such assistance on paddy yield. Using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) on 2018 and 2021 National Cro-cutting Survey data, we found that, on average, government agricultural machinery assistance significantly increased paddy yield by 0.66 to 0.68 tons per hectare. However, the impact was greater in 2018 (0.9 tons per hectare) than in 2021 (0.14 tons per hectare), with the latter not statistically significant, likely due to the pandemic and the broader adoption of mechanization. OLS regression analysis further suggests that yield gains only occur when assistance aligns with farmers' needs. Our findings underscore the importance of a farmer-centric approach and strengthening farmer institutions to effectively manage the machinery assistance. Expanding mechanization to farmers who have not yet adopted it is also recommended.
Do the sticky floor and glass ceiling phenomena persist in the Indonesian labour force after the pandemic? Ruslan, Kadir; Sukma, Weni Lidya
Jurnal Ikatan Sarjana Ekonomi Indonesia Vol 14 No 2 (2025): August
Publisher : Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52813/jei.v14i2.567

Abstract

Our study aims to examine the evolution of gender wage gaps and their decomposition by employment status in Indonesia during the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods, using SAKERNAS data from 2018 to 2023. The OLS and RIF-OLS regression estimations reveal that gender wage gaps remained substantial throughout these periods. On average, female employees earned about 30 percent less than their male counterparts, which decreased to 23 percent after controlling for other wage-related characteristics. Notably, the gap is particularly pronounced among underemployed and low-paid workers, where female employees earn approximately 40 percent to 50 percent less than their male counterparts. Decomposition results using Blinder-Oaxaca and RIF-Oaxaca methods, both at the mean and across the wage distribution, pointed out that most of the gap is due to unexplained factors, confirming the persistence of the sticky floor and glass ceiling phenomena. This suggests ongoing negative discrimination against female employees in the Indonesian labor market. Among observable characteristics, working experience, tenure, and working hours significantly contributed to the wage gap, with women generally lagging behind men in these areas. However, women’s higher educational attainment, greater participation in the formal sector, access to training, and prevalence in white-collar jobs significantly helped reduce the wage gaps.
Decomposition of Post-Pandemic Gender Wage Gaps in Indonesia: an Analysis Across the Wage Distribution Ruslan, Kadir; Sukma, Weni Lidya
Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan Vol 20 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pusat Pengembangan Kebijakan Ketenagakerjaan Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Republik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47198/jnaker.v20i2.517

Abstract

This study examines post-pandemic gender wage gaps in Indonesia using SAKERNAS data from 2018 to 2023. OLS and RIF-OLS regression results indicate that gender wage gaps widened post-pandemic, with female employees earning 30 percent less than their male counterparts on average, narrowing to 23 percent after controlling for wage-related characteristics. The gap is most pronounced among low-paid workers, where women earned 40 to 50 percent less than men. Decomposition analysis across the wage distribution reveals that the majority of the gap is driven by unexplained factors, reinforcing the persistence of the "sticky floor" and "glass ceiling" effects, indicative of on going gender discrimination in the labor market. While factors such as lower work experience, tenure, and working hours contributed to the gap, women's higher educational attainment, increased formal sector participation, access to training, and representation in white-collar jobs helped mitigate it.
Did the Digital Push Last? E-Commerce and Rural Agricultural Earnings in Indonesia During and After COVID-19, Evidence from Sakernas Ruslan, Kadir; Sukma, Weni Lidya
Proceedings of The International Conference on Data Science and Official Statistics Vol. 2025 No. 1 (2025): Proceedings of 2025 International Conference on Data Science and Official St
Publisher : Politeknik Statistika STIS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34123/icdsos.v2025i1.623

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of e-commerce adoption on earnings and incomedistribution among rural agricultural employers in Indonesia, both during and after the COVID19 pandemic. Using microdata from the National Labour Force Survey/Sakernas (2018–2024)and applying probit, OLS, Propensity Score Matching, and quantile regression models, weidentify the determinants of adoption and its impact on earnings. Adoption was strongly drivenby education, training, and enterprise characteristics, while older age and reliance on unpaidhousehold labor constrained uptake. Results show that e-commerce adopters earned substantiallyhigher than non-adopters (more than 30 percent) both during and after the pandemic, confirmingsustained income gains beyond the crisis. Quantile regressions reveal that the lowest-incomeemployers benefited most, with earnings gains exceeding 50 percent at the bottom quantileduring the pandemic. Although relative advantages shifted toward higher earners after thepandemic, large and significant effects remained for the lowest-income groups. These findingsindicate that e-commerce not only enhances market access but also contributes to improvingincome distribution. Policy interventions to strengthen digital literacy, rural infrastructure, andfinancial access are essential to preserve its inclusive role and ensure that vulnerable agriculturalemployers continue to benefit disproportionately.
Co-Authors Sukma, Weni Lidya