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All Journal Journal of Sylva Indonesiana Global Forest Journal
Surya Kusumah, Sukma
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Earth & Planetary Sciences Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Sorghum biomass: A sustainable alternative for particleboard production - A mini review Sutiawan, Ikmal; Sutiawan, Jajang; Surya Kusumah, Sukma; Kartikawati, Aprilia; Martha, Resa; Miftah Rahman, Mohamad
Global Forest Journal Vol. 3 No. 02 (2025): Global Forest Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/gfj.v3i02.19506

Abstract

particleboard production, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventionalwood-based composites. This mini-review synthesizes recent research on thechemical, physical, mechanical, and durability properties of particleboards madefrom sorghum residues, including bagasse, stalks, and leaves. Quantitativefindings show that sorghum particleboards can achieve densities ranging from0.56 to 1.25 g/cm³, modulus of rupture (MOR) up to 34.1 MPa, modulus ofelasticity (MOE) up to 5270 MPa, and internal bond (IB) strength up to 1.92 MPa,meeting the JIS A5908:2003 Type 8 standard in several cases. Moisture content(MC) and thickness swelling (TS) can be optimized to meet dimensional stabilityrequirements through pre-treatment, adhesive formulation, and pressingconditions. Chemically, sorghum biomass has moderate to high cellulose (30–46%) and hemicellulose (21–34%) contents, with lower lignin and ash levels thantypical wood, favoring bonding and composite integrity. Synthetic adhesives (UF,PF, pMDI) and natural alternatives (citric acid, maleic acid, sucrose) have beenexplored, with several formulations showing improved water resistance andbiodegradation resistance. Enhanced durability, including termite and fungalresistance, has been observed, particularly in bio-based adhesive boards.However, challenges remain in scaling production and standardizing raw materialquality. Future research should prioritize optimizing production methods andimproving sorghum-based particleboards' mechanical and durability properties,enabling their use in a wider range of applications.
Synergistic Effects of Calliandra and Biomass Additives on the Fuel Quality of Biopellets for Sustainable Energy Mustaghfirin, Mustaghfirin; Hermawan, Dede; Sarip Nawawi, Deded; Surya Kusumah, Sukma; Ferdiansyah, Muhammad; Raditya Bagus Surya Kelana, I Putu; Saputra Pardede, Alvian; Rizqi Abdul Aziz, Salman; Oki Putri Damanik, Cimmi
Journal of Sylva Indonesiana Vol. 9 No. 01 (2026): Journal of Sylva Indonesiana
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/jsi.v9i01.21193

Abstract

The growing demand for renewable energy has driven the utilization of biomass as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source. This study aims to develop high-quality biopellets based on Calliandra calothyrsus wood by incorporating Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Melaleuca cajuputi (cajuput leaf waste) to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce ash content. Five biomass formulations were evaluated: pure calliandra, pure water hyacinth, pure cajuput leaves, calliandra–water hyacinth (75:25), and calliandra–cajuput leaves (75:25). The produced biopellets were analyzed for their physical characteristics, calorific value, and proximate properties, including moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed carbon. Results showed that the calliandra–cajuput mixture yielded the best performance, with a density of 0.84 g/cm³, low ash content (2.65%), and a high calorific value (18.2 MJ/kg). The addition of water hyacinth reduced volatile matter but increased ash content. The biopellets from the calliandra–cajuput blend met the SNI 8675:2018 standard for both household and industrial use. This study demonstrates that the integration of locally available biomass waste can significantly improve biopellet quality while supporting sustainable waste management and renewable energy diversification.
Optimizing Nitric Acid Leaching Conditions for Ash and Potassium Reduction in Empty Fruit Bunches-Based Biomass Energy Santosa, Dwi Jaksana Megah; Hermawan, Dede; Surya Kusumah, Sukma; Nawawi, Deded Sarip; Sutiawan, Jajang
Journal of Sylva Indonesiana Vol. 9 No. 01 (2026): Journal of Sylva Indonesiana
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/jsi.v9i01.23044

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) represent an abundant biomass waste in Indonesia with high potential as a solid biofuel. However, the high ash content and the presence of alkali metals such as potassium in EFB contribute to low combustion efficiency and increase the risks of fouling and slagging. This study aims to reduce the ash and potassium content in EFB-based biomass fuel through demineralization using nitric acid (HNO₃). Acid demineralization was conducted using various acid concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) and soaking durations (10, 30, and 60 minutes). The parameters analyzed include ash content, calorific value, potassium content, as well as proximate and ultimate analysis. The results indicate that demineralization using 1% nitric acid for 10 minutes is the optimum condition, successfully reducing the ash content from 7.93% to 3,43% and reduced potassium by 77% (0,087%- 0,02%). In addition, the fix carbon increased (16,11%-18,09%), sulfur decreased (0,115%-0,086%), and the calorific value increased to 4355,83 cal/g. This treatment also increased the carbon and hydrogen content while reducing sulfur content, thereby improving thermal quality and reducing emissions. Acid demineralization using low-concentration nitric acid is effective in reducing ash and potassium content, thereby enhancing the performance of EFB-based biopellets as a biomass energy source.
Co-Authors Dede Hermawan Deded Sarip Nawawi Kartikawati, Aprilia Martha, Resa Miftah Rahman, Mohamad Muhammad Ferdiansyah, Muhammad Mustaghfirin Mustaghfirin Oki Putri Damanik, Cimmi Raditya Bagus Surya Kelana, I Putu Rizqi Abdul Aziz, Salman Santosa, Dwi Jaksana Megah Saputra Pardede, Alvian Sarip Nawawi, Deded Sutiawan, Ikmal Sutiawan, Jajang