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A Literature Review: Acute Pharyngitis and Laryngitis Ningrum, Sania Tresna; Hardian, Excell Defry; Fawaiz, Afdhila Anugerah; Ramdhini, Tisya Nasywa
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10215

Abstract

Acute pharyngitis and laryngitis refer to inflammation of the pharynx and larynx. These illnesses are typically brought on by bacterial or viral infections. Reflux, cancer, allergies, trauma, and poisoning are other less frequent causes. The literature review aims to obtain information related to acute pharyngitis and laryngitis. The method used is systematic literature. The results of the literature review obtained that the pathogen most often causing acute pharyngitis is beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group A. Common symptoms of pharyngitis are a sore or painful throat, an itchy throat, and fever. Acute laryngitis is inflammation that occurs in the larynx area, and its etiology can be divided into two: infectious and non-infectious. The most common pathogens causing acute laryngitis are rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. These pathogens cause symptoms of acute laryngitis such as difficulty swallowing, persistent fever, severe sore throat, coughing up blood, and difficulty breathing. Since the majority of cases have a bacterial origin, the use of antibiotics is the basic management in cases of acute pharyngitis and laryngitis.
Molecular Biomarkers for Prognosis, Diagnosis, and Therapy in Hemorrhagic Stroke Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila; Evana, Nafisya Ayu; Fawaiz, Afdhila Anugerah
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10277

Abstract

Hemorrhagic stroke is an acute condition characterized by the rupture of blood vessels in the brain and has a high mortality rate. The bleeding leads to the formation of hematoma and perihematomal edema, which significantly worsen the patient's prognosis. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to improving clinical outcomes. In recent years, blood-based molecular biomarkers have become a major focus of research due to their potential to support diagnosis, evaluate etiology, predict hematoma growth, and assess inflammatory responses. Biomarkers such as GFAP and S100B have proven effective in distinguishing hemorrhagic stroke from ischemic stroke in the hyperacute phase. Meanwhile, β-amyloid and MMP play roles in identifying the etiology of bleeding, especially related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Additionally, levels of calcium, magnesium, LDL-C, and ApoE ε2 are known to be associated with the risk of hematoma expansion. Inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP, NLR, gelsolin, and CD163 reflect neuroinflammatory processes and blood-brain barrier damage that worsen secondary injury. The clinical use of these biomarkers opens opportunities for faster, more accurate, and personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in hemorrhagic stroke.