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Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology

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Cranial Nerves and Plexuses Optic Nerve (N.II) Rizqi, Amanda Suana; Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila; Febianisa, Tabitha Afifah; Zulkifli, Yasmin Sabrina; Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah; Azzahra, Anis Aura; Rofilah, Alita Khainur; Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian; Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy; Haikal, Muhammad; Rifki, Muhammad
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): in Progress
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10124

Abstract

Cranial nerves are an integral part of the peripheral nervous system, playing a crucial role in transmitting afferent and efferent nerve impulses, particularly in the head and neck area. Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves have distinct functional nuclei in the brainstem, grouped into sensory (posterior and lateral) and motor (anterior) nuclei. The optic nerve is a purely afferent (sensory) nerve, responsible for transmitting visual information from rod and cone receptors in the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC) in the thalamus. The optic nerve's innervation pathway begins with retinal ganglion cells, which form nerve fibers, pass through the optic canal, and then cross at the optic chiasm. Disruption of this pathway can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as vision loss or visual field impairment, which will be discussed further. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the anatomy and function of the optic nerve is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of neuro-ophthalmological conditions.
Molecular Biomarkers for Prognosis, Diagnosis, and Therapy in Hemorrhagic Stroke Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila; Evana, Nafisya Ayu; Fawaiz, Afdhila Anugerah
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): in Progress
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10277

Abstract

Hemorrhagic stroke is an acute condition characterized by the rupture of blood vessels in the brain and has a high mortality rate. The bleeding leads to the formation of hematoma and perihematomal edema, which significantly worsen the patient's prognosis. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to improving clinical outcomes. In recent years, blood-based molecular biomarkers have become a major focus of research due to their potential to support diagnosis, evaluate etiology, predict hematoma growth, and assess inflammatory responses. Biomarkers such as GFAP and S100B have proven effective in distinguishing hemorrhagic stroke from ischemic stroke in the hyperacute phase. Meanwhile, β-amyloid and MMP play roles in identifying the etiology of bleeding, especially related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Additionally, levels of calcium, magnesium, LDL-C, and ApoE ε2 are known to be associated with the risk of hematoma expansion. Inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP, NLR, gelsolin, and CD163 reflect neuroinflammatory processes and blood-brain barrier damage that worsen secondary injury. The clinical use of these biomarkers opens opportunities for faster, more accurate, and personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in hemorrhagic stroke.
Co-Authors Azzahra, Anis Aura Evana, Nafisya Ayu Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy Fawaiz, Afdhila Anugerah Febianisa, Tabitha Afifah Muhammad Haikal Muhammad Rifki Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah Rizqi, Amanda Suana Rofilah, Alita Khainur Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian Zulkifli, Yasmin Sabrina