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All Journal Narra X
Ahmed, Mohamed M.
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Public Health

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Gender disparities in HIV infections: A narrative review of the persistent vulnerability of adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa Musa, Shuaibu S.; Othman, Zhinya K.; Fadele, Kehinde P.; Ahmed, Mohamed M.; Okesanya, Olalekan J.; Ibrahim, Adamu M.; Ishak, Abubakar S.; Alhassan, Muhammad Y.; Oyinloye, Emmanuel A.; Ogunleke, Praise O.; Alaka, Hassan O.; Jibo, Abdulrahman G.; Paz, Pearl IVD.; Lucero-Prisno III, Don E.
Narra X Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narrax.v3i2.211

Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) disproportionately affects adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), who face a risk of infection up to three times higher than their male peers. SSA accounts for 65% of the global HIV burden, with Eastern and Southern Africa showing particularly high rates. The aim of this study was to examine the persistent gender disparities in HIV infections, focusing on the biological, social, and structural drivers of AGYW’s heightened vulnerability. Biological factors such as immature cervical development and hormonal influences intersect with social determinants, including gender inequality, cultural norms, and economic pressures. These factors reduce young women’s ability to negotiate safer sexual practices and increase reliance on transactional relationships with older partners. Despite initiatives such as determined, resilient, empowered, AIDS-free, mentored, and safe (DREAMS) and Education Plus, barriers such as stigma, gender-based violence, and limited access to youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services persist. Addressing these disparities requires multi-level, gender-responsive interventions that strengthen healthcare access, expand female-controlled prevention options, and promote education and economic empowerment. Closing the gender gap in HIV outcomes will demand sustained policy commitment and community engagement tailored to the needs of adolescent girls in SSA.
Role of nanotechnology in climate change mitigation: Opportunities, challenges, and future directions Musa , Abubakar H.; Musa, Shuaibu S.; Alhassan, Muhammad Y.; Okesanya, Olalekan J.; Ishak, Abubakar S.; Auwal, Auwal R.; Alaka, Hassan O.; Othman, Zhinya K.; Ibrahim, Adamu M.; Sy, Francis AR.; Ahmed, Mohamed M.; Kouwenhoven, MBN.; Lucero-Prisno III, Don E.
Narra X Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narrax.v3i3.212

Abstract

Climate change, recognized as one of the most critical global public health emergencies, has led to extreme weather events and caused thousands of deaths annually, particularly in underserved areas due to limited financial resources. Nanotechnology, with its unique quantum properties, enhanced surface area, and heightened reactivity, has emerged as a promising tool for climate crisis management. The aim of this study was to explore the role of nanotechnology in mitigating climate change, offering insights into the opportunities and challenges associated with its deployment. Nanotechnology has transformed the renewable energy field by advancing sustainability, improving efficiency, and reducing costs. Nanomaterial also enhances the effectiveness of carbon capture and conversion processes, providing a viable path in the fight against climate change. Additional opportunities include lowering greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy conservation, and enabling cleaner technologies. Furthermore, nanotechnology holds the potential to revolutionize the mitigation of air, water, and land pollution, contributing to a more climate-resilient environment and supporting global climate goals. Despite these opportunities, its integration into climate change mitigation poses significant obstacles. Concerns include the generation of reactive oxygen species that may induce cellular dysfunction and carcinogenesis, as well as challenges related to sophisticated manufacturing processes, high material costs, and inadequate policy frameworks. While nanotechnology demonstrates significant potential in mitigating the effects of climate change, future studies should focus on comprehensive safety evaluations, cost-effective production methods, and strategies to minimize long-term environmental and health effects to ensure its sustainable and responsible application.
Strengthening pharmacovigilance systems through post-vaccination surveillance in Nigeria: A narrative review Umar, Abbas B.; Ibrahim, Adamu M.; Yusuf, Abduljalal N.; Zubairu, Mubarak; Ahmed, Mohamed M.; Lucero-Prisno III, Don E.
Narra X Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narrax.v3i3.230

Abstract

Immunization remains a vital pillar of Nigeria’s public health agenda, significantly reducing the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the success of immunization programs hinges not only on vaccine access and delivery but also on robust post-vaccination surveillance systems that ensure vaccine safety and foster public confidence. In Nigeria, post-vaccination pharmacovigilance, led by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), faces critical challenges, including underreporting of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs), inadequate healthcare worker training, infrastructural limitations, and the widespread influence of misinformation. These systemic weaknesses threaten to undermine vaccine confidence, particularly in underserved and rural areas. The aim of this study was to examine the current state of Nigeria’s post-vaccination surveillance infrastructure, highlighting gaps in AEFI reporting and data management. Drawing on global best practices and successful models from other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), this study proposes a set of strategic interventions to strengthen pharmacovigilance. These include the adoption of digital and mobile health technologies, capacity building for healthcare providers, community engagement, and integration of artificial intelligence in safety signal detection. This study underscores the urgency of regulatory reform and private sector inclusion, advocating a holistic and sustainable approach to vaccine safety monitoring. By reinforcing pharmacovigilance systems, Nigeria can build public confidence, improve vaccine uptake, and enhance the overall effectiveness of its national immunization program.
Co-Authors Alaka, Hassan O. Alhassan, Muhammad Y. Auwal, Auwal R. Fadele, Kehinde P. Ibrahim, Adamu M. Ishak, Abubakar S. Jibo, Abdulrahman G. Kouwenhoven, MBN. Lucero-Prisno III, Don E. Musa , Abubakar H. Musa, Shuaibu S. Ogunleke, Praise O. Okesanya, Olalekan J. Othman, Zhinya K. Oyinloye, Emmanuel A. Paz, Pearl IVD. Sy, Francis AR. Umar, Abbas B. Yusuf, Abduljalal N. Zubairu, Mubarak