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Quercetin Isolation Methods from Various Plant Samples by Traditional Extraction Method, Microwave, and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Techniques: A Review Rama Raditya, I Putu Gede; Pitri Susanti, Ni Made; Kusuma Dewi, Luh Putu Mirah
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.21157

Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with unpaired electrons, produced by factors like radiation, pollution, and poor diet, causing oxidative stress and cell damage. Antioxidants counteract these effects, with natural ones like flavonoids being safer than synthetic types. Quercetin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties due to its hydroxyl groups. This review compiles recent studies on plants containing quercetin, isolation methods, and analytical instruments used in the process. Research was sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed, focusing on Scopus, SINTA, and Google Scholar-indexed journals from 2014-2024. Articles selected were in English or Indonesian, had full-text access, and reported total quercetin content. Quercetin is found in tamarind, basil, guava, and moringa leaves, cabbage, Dutch Eggplant Peel, red beans, propolis, Fenugreek Seeds, Melastoma sanguineum Sims fruits, Flos Sophorae Immaturus, and mangkokan. Isolation techniques include maceration, Soxhlet, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), and a combination of both (MUAE), with ethanol, acetone, and methanol commonly used as solvents. For quantifying quercetin, instruments like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and Mass Spectrometry (MS) are employed.

Quercetin Isolation Methods from Various Plant Samples by Traditional Extraction Method, Microwave, and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Techniques: A Review Rama Raditya, I Putu Gede; Pitri Susanti, Ni Made; Kusuma Dewi, Luh Putu Mirah
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.21157

Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with unpaired electrons, produced by factors like radiation, pollution, and poor diet, causing oxidative stress and cell damage. Antioxidants counteract these effects, with natural ones like flavonoids being safer than synthetic types. Quercetin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties due to its hydroxyl groups. This review compiles recent studies on plants containing quercetin, isolation methods, and analytical instruments used in the process. Research was sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed, focusing on Scopus, SINTA, and Google Scholar-indexed journals from 2014-2024. Articles selected were in English or Indonesian, had full-text access, and reported total quercetin content. Quercetin is found in tamarind, basil, guava, and moringa leaves, cabbage, Dutch Eggplant Peel, red beans, propolis, Fenugreek Seeds, Melastoma sanguineum Sims fruits, Flos Sophorae Immaturus, and mangkokan. Isolation techniques include maceration, Soxhlet, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), and a combination of both (MUAE), with ethanol, acetone, and methanol commonly used as solvents. For quantifying quercetin, instruments like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and Mass Spectrometry (MS) are employed.

Review article: Flavonoid Extraction Method of Parsley Leaf Extract (Petroselinum crispum) Yogi Maha Putra, I Made Artadinatha; Kusuma Dewi, Luh Putu Mirah
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 4 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.21156

Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenolic compounds known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Although widely distributed in plants, parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is highlighted for its high flavonoid content, which is recognized as the dominant class of secondary metabolites compared to other constituents such as essential oils and pigments, making it a strong candidate for pharmaceutical applications. This review aimed to evaluate and compare various extraction methods used to isolate flavonoids from parsley leaves. A systematic literature search was conducted through Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2024 using keywords “flavonoid,” “parsley leaves,” and “extraction method.” Inclusion criteria comprised full-text original articles in English or Indonesian reporting extraction methods and total flavonoid content; reviews and incomplete studies were excluded. Among the methods reviewed, Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) proved most effective. When normalized to 1 g/minute, UAE yielded 0.312 mg/g of total flavonoids, demonstrating higher efficiency in terms of extraction yield and time. UAE utilizes acoustic cavitation to enhance solvent penetration and mass transfer, improving yield while preserving compound integrity. Ethanol was identified as the optimal solvent due to its polarity and compatibility with flavonoid structures. In conclusion, UAE with ethanol presents a promising strategy for efficient flavonoid extraction from parsley in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Review article: Flavonoid Extraction Method of Parsley Leaf Extract (Petroselinum crispum) Yogi Maha Putra, I Made Artadinatha; Kusuma Dewi, Luh Putu Mirah
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 4 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.21156

Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenolic compounds known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Although widely distributed in plants, parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is highlighted for its high flavonoid content, which is recognized as the dominant class of secondary metabolites compared to other constituents such as essential oils and pigments, making it a strong candidate for pharmaceutical applications. This review aimed to evaluate and compare various extraction methods used to isolate flavonoids from parsley leaves. A systematic literature search was conducted through Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2024 using keywords “flavonoid,” “parsley leaves,” and “extraction method.” Inclusion criteria comprised full-text original articles in English or Indonesian reporting extraction methods and total flavonoid content; reviews and incomplete studies were excluded. Among the methods reviewed, Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) proved most effective. When normalized to 1 g/minute, UAE yielded 0.312 mg/g of total flavonoids, demonstrating higher efficiency in terms of extraction yield and time. UAE utilizes acoustic cavitation to enhance solvent penetration and mass transfer, improving yield while preserving compound integrity. Ethanol was identified as the optimal solvent due to its polarity and compatibility with flavonoid structures. In conclusion, UAE with ethanol presents a promising strategy for efficient flavonoid extraction from parsley in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Optimization of Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Tagetes erecta L. using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) Andriani, Ni Luh Febby; Yadnya-Putra, Anak Agung Gede Rai; Kusuma Dewi, Luh Putu Mirah
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 14, No 2 (2026): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.22717

Carotenoids from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) are commonly extracted using conventional solvents like hexane and ethanol, which may pose environmental and health risks. Based on these considerations, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) as greener alternatives and to determine the optimal NADES composition and extraction conditions using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The most effective NADES was selected based on total carotenoid content, statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to assess the effects of ultrasonic power, extraction time, and temperature. Total carotenoid content was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Among the tested solvents, the hydrophobic NADES composed of menthol:lactic acid (8:1) showed the highest efficiency (98.48 ± 0.20 mg β-carotene equivalent (BCE)/g dry sample (DS)), outperforming the hydrophilic NADES, hexane, and 80% ethanol. Optimization using Response Surface Methodology with a Box–Behnken Design identified optimal UAE conditions at 100% ultrasonic power, 40 minutes, and 60°C, yielding 304.01 ± 1.60 mg BCE/g DS. These results confirm the effectiveness of NADES as sustainable and efficient solvents for carotenoid extraction from marigold flowers.

Optimization of Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Tagetes erecta L. using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) Andriani, Ni Luh Febby; Yadnya-Putra, Anak Agung Gede Rai; Kusuma Dewi, Luh Putu Mirah
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 14, No 2 (2026): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.22717

Carotenoids from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) are commonly extracted using conventional solvents like hexane and ethanol, which may pose environmental and health risks. Based on these considerations, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) as greener alternatives and to determine the optimal NADES composition and extraction conditions using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The most effective NADES was selected based on total carotenoid content, statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to assess the effects of ultrasonic power, extraction time, and temperature. Total carotenoid content was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Among the tested solvents, the hydrophobic NADES composed of menthol:lactic acid (8:1) showed the highest efficiency (98.48 ± 0.20 mg β-carotene equivalent (BCE)/g dry sample (DS)), outperforming the hydrophilic NADES, hexane, and 80% ethanol. Optimization using Response Surface Methodology with a Box–Behnken Design identified optimal UAE conditions at 100% ultrasonic power, 40 minutes, and 60°C, yielding 304.01 ± 1.60 mg BCE/g DS. These results confirm the effectiveness of NADES as sustainable and efficient solvents for carotenoid extraction from marigold flowers.

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