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All Journal Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Proceeding Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health
Isa, Mohamad Rodi
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Toddler Massage as a Supplementary Intervention in Overcoming Stunting in Children: Research from Stunting Locus Area in Gorontalo City Zakaria, Fatmah; Mulyaningsih, Sri; Katili, Dwi Nur Octaviani; Ali, Rizky Nikmathulhusna; Isa, Mohamad Rodi; Herbawati, Herbawati
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1099-1103

Abstract

Stunting defined as impaired linear growth resulting in a child’s height falling below the age-appropriate standard, remains a pressing global health concern due to its long-term implications on development and increased risk of mortality. In Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, the prevalence of stunting exceeds the national target of 23.8%, with North Gorontalo Regency reporting the highest rate at 29.3%. This study aimed to examine the effect of toddler massage on weight gain among stunted children. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach was employed, involving 32 stunted toddlers selected through purposive sampling. Participants were equally allocated into an intervention group (n=16), which received toddler massage based on standard operating procedures, and a control group (n=16), which did not receive the intervention. Body weight was measured using digital scales. The results of the paired t-test revealed a statistically significant weight gain in the intervention group (p = 0.00), whereas no significant difference was observed in the control group (p = 0.164). The findings indicate that toddler massage may contribute to weight improvement in stunted children and could be considered a supportive non-pharmacological intervention in stunting management programs.
Development of Patient Experience Questionnaire for Virtual Consultation Services in the Primary Healthcare: Content and Face Validty Analysis Kuthoose, Nasim Abdul; Isa, Mohamad Rodi; Ibrahim, Khalid
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Patient experience measures objective aspects of healthcare and correlates with improved patient outcomes. Existing standardized questionnaires, including Malaysia's Client Experience Survey, focus on physical consultations. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of virtual consultations in Malaysia. However, validated tools to assess patient experiences with virtual primary care tailored to Malaysia's local context remain lacking. Objective: This research aims to develop a patient experience questionnaire for virtual primary care consultations in Malaysia and establish its content and face validity. Research Methods/Implementation Methods: Items were developed from a framework based on literature reviews and refined through expert panels. To assess validity, nine field experts and ten experienced patients participated in the study. The content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and face validity index (FVI) were evaluated. Results: The initially developed items consisted of 55 items aligned with the Picker Principle – TAMs’ domains. After receiving expert feedback, the instrument was refined to 47 items across seven domains. A Delphi panel's content evaluation retained 35 items, discarding 8 with a relevance I-CVI of ≤ 0.78 and refining 12 statements. Face validity testing with 10 adult participants highlighted seven items with poor ratings and 11 borderline items. Based on this feedback, eight items were revised and eight were removed due to low I-FVI, resulting in a total of 39 items. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Findings on content and face validity highlight the need to include infrastructure and essential service elements when assessing patient experience in virtual primary care consultations. This framework guides providers to enhance patient experience. Further psychometric and reliability testing with larger samples is needed to verify construct validity and reliability over time.
Prognostic Scoring for Chronic Kidney Disease Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Malaysia: A Review of the i-CKD Tool Khebir, Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar; Razak, Tajul Rosli; Hafidz, Muhammad Iqbal Abdul; Ismail, Nurhuda; Isa, Mohamad Rodi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background : Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major complication of type 2 diabetes and contributes significantly to morbidity and healthcare costs in Malaysia. Early recognition of individuals at risk is essential, yet current clinical prediction practices remain inconsistent and are not systematically informed by combined clinical and biochemical parameters. A structured prognostic score offers a systematic approach to support early risk stratification and timely intervention. Objective : This review aims to synthesize evidence on the development and validation of the i-CKD prognostic scoring tool designed to predict chronic kidney disease risk among patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This review will explore the staged development process of the i-CKD score, including the identification of key predictive factors, development of the scoring model, and subsequent internal and external validation. The methodological evaluation will emphasize the selection of predictors and statistical assessment of model discrimination and reliability throughout each phase. Results : A prognostic scoring tool (i-CKD score) will be developed and undergo internal and external validation to determine its predictive performance. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This review underscores the value of structured risk stratification in the early detection and management of chronic kidney disease. While various prognostic tools have been proposed, limitations in standardization, validation, and clinical integration persist. The i-CKD score has the potential to strengthen clinical decision-making by supporting earlier identification of high- risk individuals.
Survival Analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review Teruna, Muhammad Muaz Shahriman; Razak, Tajul Rosli; Yasin, Siti Munira; Ali, Abdullah Ashraf Rafique; Isa, Mohamad Rodi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background : Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major preventable microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a leading cause of visual impairment. Understanding survival time to DR onset and its modifiable predictors is essential for optimizing screening and management. This review synthesizes recent cohort and observational evidence on DR incidence, progression, and prognostic factors in adults with T2DM. Objective : This study aims to systematically review survival time to the onset or progression of diabetic retinopathy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, evaluate prognostic factors influencing retinopathy-free survival, and compare survival patterns across populations and study designs to inform future prognostic models and prevention strategies. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A systematic search was conducted for articles published between 2016 and 2025 across major databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library. Studies were included if they applied longitudinal, cohort, or survival analysis methods to assess the risk or progression of DR among T2DM patients. Seventeen eligible studies were identified, covering diverse populations across Asia and Europe. Data were extracted on study design, sample size, follow-up duration, key predictors, and outcomes. Findings were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in statistical models and outcome definitions. Results : Across the included studies, the cumulative incidence of DR ranged from 8% to 42% over follow-up periods of 3 to 15 years. Significant predictors of DR onset and progression included poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.5%), longer diabetes duration, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity indices. Novel biomarkers such as the glycaemic risk index (GRI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and vitamin D deficiency demonstrated emerging prognostic potential. Conversely, metformin use and higher physical activity levels were protective against DR development. Time-to-event analyses revealed that patients maintaining a tight glycaemic range (3.9–7.8 mmol/L) and regular physical activity exhibited longer DR-free survival. Geographic variations were observed, with higher incidence reported in East and Southeast Asian cohorts compared to European populations. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This systematic review highlights the multifactorial determinants influencing the survival and progression of diabetic retinopathy among individuals with T2DM. Glycaemic variability, metabolic dysregulation, and inflammatory markers remain strong predictors of reduced DR-free survival, while lifestyle modification and pharmacological control confer protective benefits. These findings underscore the importance of integrated, longitudinal monitoring and early preventive strategies in diabetic eye care. Future survival models should incorporate composite risk indices and real-world data to improve prediction accuracy and clinical applicability.
Co-Authors Ali, Abdullah Ashraf Rafique Ali, Rizky Nikmathulhusna Fatmah Zakaria, Fatmah Hafidz, Muhammad Iqbal Abdul Herbawati, Herbawati Ibrahim, Khalid Ismail, Nurhuda Katili, Dwi Nur Octaviani Khebir, Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar Kuthoose, Nasim Abdul Razak, Tajul Rosli Sri Mulyaningsih Teruna, Muhammad Muaz Shahriman Yasin, Siti Munira