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All Journal Proceeding Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health
Khebir, Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar
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Public Health

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Prognostic Scoring for Chronic Kidney Disease Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Malaysia: A Review of the i-CKD Tool Khebir, Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar; Razak, Tajul Rosli; Hafidz, Muhammad Iqbal Abdul; Ismail, Nurhuda; Isa, Mohamad Rodi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major complication of type 2 diabetes and contributes significantly to morbidity and healthcare costs in Malaysia. Early recognition of individuals at risk is essential, yet current clinical prediction practices remain inconsistent and are not systematically informed by combined clinical and biochemical parameters. A structured prognostic score offers a systematic approach to support early risk stratification and timely intervention. Objective : This review aims to synthesize evidence on the development and validation of the i-CKD prognostic scoring tool designed to predict chronic kidney disease risk among patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This review will explore the staged development process of the i-CKD score, including the identification of key predictive factors, development of the scoring model, and subsequent internal and external validation. The methodological evaluation will emphasize the selection of predictors and statistical assessment of model discrimination and reliability throughout each phase. Results : A prognostic scoring tool (i-CKD score) will be developed and undergo internal and external validation to determine its predictive performance. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This review underscores the value of structured risk stratification in the early detection and management of chronic kidney disease. While various prognostic tools have been proposed, limitations in standardization, validation, and clinical integration persist. The i-CKD score has the potential to strengthen clinical decision-making by supporting earlier identification of high- risk individuals.
Prognostic Models for Recurrent Bacteriologically ConfirmedTuberculosis: Evidence and Applications in Malaysia Rameli, Nur Adila Che; Razak, Tajul Rosli; Ismail, Nurhuda; Ismail, Ahmad Izuanuddin; Teruna, Muhammad Muaz Shahriman; Salleh, Muhammad Muzzammil Mohamad; Yusoff, Mohamad Zuhair Mohamed; Khebir, Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar; Sallehhu, Muhammad Irfan Mohd
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Bacteriologically confirmed recurrent tuberculosis (TB) continues to become a hurdle to TB elimination efforts. Patients experiencing recurrence face poorer treatment outcomes, higher mortality and increased risk of community transmission. Early identification of high-risk individuals for recurrence is important to support targeted surveillance, timely clinical follow-up and optimised preventive strategies. A prognostic risk score offers a systematic approach to risk-stratifying and promotes proactive intervention before disease reactivation. Objective : To develop and validate a prognostic bacteriologically-confirmed recurrent TB risk score Methods : Research The process will be conducted in three phases: identification of independent predictors associated with bacteriologically confirmed recurrent TB and development of the risk score, internal validation and external validation. Predictor selection and model development will be using multivariable regression techniques. Model performance will be assessed through discrimination and calibration indices and will be evaluated across phases.Methods/ Implementation Results :This study will produce a validated bacteriologically confirmed Recurrent TB risk score tool. The parameters of sensitivity, specificity, receiver operative characteristics, will be calculated and compared to determine the performance of the tool. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This study will be able to identify high risk individuals prior to recurrence and has the potential to guide targeted monitoring, strengthen TB control efforts and reduce TB burden. Findings also support evidence based risk stratification for other infectious disease with recurrence potential.
Factors Associated with Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Evidence from the National DiabetesRegistry of Johor, Malaysia Salleh, Muhammad Muzzammil Mohamad; Kasim, Sazzli Shahlan; Razak, Tajul Rosli; Azahar, Nazar Mohd; Ismail, Norzaher; Yusoff, Mohamad Zuhair Mohamed; Khebir, Muhammad Hariz ‘Ammar; Teruna, Muhammad Muaz Shahriman; Rameli, Nur Adilla Che; Moh, Muhammad Irfan
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background : IHD remains a leading cause of mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite the availability of extensive registry data, limited local evidence exists regarding factors associated with IHD among Malaysian diabetic populations. Objective : This study aimed to identify demographic, clinical, and pharmacological associated factors of IHD using data from the National Diabetes Registry (NDR) of Johor, Malaysia. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using NDR data from 11,082 adults with T2DM registered between 2019 and 2021. Sociodemographic, clinical, biochemical, and medication variables were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression identified independent associated factors of IHD, expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results : The prevalence of IHD among T2DM patients was 10.4% (95% CI=9.8, 11.0). Independent predictors of IHD included age ≥60 years (aOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.33–1.86), male sex (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.25–1.71), Chinese ethnicity (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.28–1.98), hypertension (aOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.38–2.51), dyslipidaemia (aOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.16–1.86), diabetes duration > 10 years (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.10–1.65), and diabetic retinopathy (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.28–1.79). Non- use of calcium channel blockers (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.32–1.76) increased IHD risk, while paradoxical inverse associations were noted for non-use of aspirin, ticlopidine, and beta-blockers, likely reflecting confounding by indication. Glitazone use showed a strong association with IHD (aOR = 10.46, 95% CI: 1.423, 76.960), possibly due to small sample bias. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : IHD prevalence among Malaysian diabetics is substantial and driven by multiple modifiable and demographic factors. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) predictive models within the NDR using these variables could enhance early risk stratification and targeted cardiovascular prevention.
Co-Authors Azahar, Nazar Mohd Hafidz, Muhammad Iqbal Abdul Isa, Mohamad Rodi Ismail, Ahmad Izuanuddin Ismail, Norzaher Ismail, Nurhuda Kasim, Sazzli Shahlan Moh, Muhammad Irfan Rameli, Nur Adila Che Rameli, Nur Adilla Che Razak, Tajul Rosli Salleh, Muhammad Muzzammil Mohamad Sallehhu, Muhammad Irfan Mohd Teruna, Muhammad Muaz Shahriman Yusoff, Mohamad Zuhair Mohamed