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Sri Handayani
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Indonesia
Earth & Planetary Sciences Environmental Science

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Review: Potential of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Waste to Become an Ultrafiltration Membrane for Clean Water Treatment Linda Aliffia Yoshi; Fauziah Fitri Nurhalizah; Daranova Daranova; Najwa Hariansyah; Enjarlis Enjarlis; Ismojo Ismojo; Sri Handayani
Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences Vol 4, No 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : BIORE Scientia Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/jbes.2025.19953

Abstract

The potential of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as a raw material for membrane production has not been fully explored. OPEFB waste contains a relatively high cellulose content, a natural polymer that can serve as a precursor for plastic and membrane synthesis. Membranes are semi-permeable barriers commonly employed in applications such as clean water purification and liquid waste treatment. To utilize cellulose from OPEFB, it must first be converted into cellulose acetate (CA) via an acetylation reaction. Cellulose acetate is a biodegradable polymer known for its hydrophilic nature, high chemical stability, and mechanical strength, making it a widely used material in membrane technology. Moreover, CA is suitable as a matrix for developing nanocomposite membranes with enhanced performance characteristics. Membranes are typically fabricated using the phase inversion technique, involving solvents such as acetone or dimethylformamide (DMF). The resulting membrane properties—including morphology, porosity, and chemical interactions—depend on the choice of polymer and additives in the casting solution. Additives such as nano-silica and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are often incorporated to improve tensile strength, increase hydrophilicity, and control pore size distribution. Optimizing the composition ratios of cellulose acetate, solvent, and additives is essential to achieve desirable properties, particularly for ultrafiltration (UF) applications. OPEFB offers promising potential as a sustainable, renewable resource for producing UF membranes, supporting circular economy principles and waste valorization in environmental applications.
Mass balance of nickel manganese cobalt cathode battery recycle process Sri Handayani; Wahyudi Isqi Shahril; Ismojo Ismojo; Sri Rahayu; Yurian Ariandi Andrameda; Muhammad Dikdik Gumelar; Hanif Yuliani; Dita Adi Saputra; Saddam Husin
Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences Vol 3, No 3 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : BIORE Scientia Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/jbes.2024.19939

Abstract

Batteries made from lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt are widely used, especially in the electrical industry, because they have high specific capacity, high safety, and low production costs. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the consumption of batteries used for electric vehicles will increase from 8 million in 2019 to 50 million in 2025 and to 140 million in 2030. As a result, the waste produced is also increasing. This type of lithium ion battery (LIB) which contains heavy metal elements such as nickel, manganese and cobalt can be recycled. This research aims to calculate the mass balance of the recycling process for nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) battery cathodes.   The processing process begins with mixing, leaching, filtration, drying the results of the filtration process, molarity adjustment, Flame Assisted Spray Pyrolysis, and calcination. Based on the results of mass balance calculations for the NMC recycle battery cathode, the amount obtained was 43.427 kg/batch from 100 kg of cathode waste raw material. Apart from that, data was obtained on the metals that were successfully recycled, namely NiO, MnO, CoO, Fe2O3, MgO, Al2O3, Cr2O3, and Li2O. The research results provide information that NMC battery waste can be an opportunity for the NMC metal supply chain and can reduce environmental pollution.
Co-Authors Daranova Daranova Dita Adi Saputra Enjarlis Enjarlis Fauziah Fitri Nurhalizah Hanif Yuliani Ismojo Ismojo Ismojo Ismojo Linda Aliffia Yoshi, Linda Aliffia Muhammad Dikdik Gumelar Najwa Hariansyah Saddam Husin Sri Rahayu Wahyudi Isqi Shahril Yurian Ariandi Andrameda