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All Journal The Journal of Experimental Life Sciences (JELS) JKKI : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia
Susilaningsih , Neni
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Public Health

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Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Waves and Pregnancy Outcomes: An Experimental Study in Mice Armalina, Desy; Susilaningsih , Neni; Sutanto, Heri; Sunarno, Sunarno
The Journal of Experimental Life Science Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Graduate School, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jels.2025.015.03.06

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of mobile phone–derived electromagnetic wave (EMW) exposure on the uterus and progeny of pregnant Balb/c mice. Fourteen pregnant mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n=7 each). The control group (CG) was not exposed to EMW. In contrast, the experimental group (EG) was subjected to continuous exposure to EMW at a whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.74 W.kg-1 for 24 hours daily from gestational day (GD) 1 to 19. On GD 20, all mice were euthanized, and body weight, oxidative stress biomarkers, and uterine histological parameters were assessed. Maternal body weight at termination showed a significant reduction in EG compared with CG (p < 0.05). However, differences in overall body weight gain, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Histological evaluation revealed marked alterations: endometrial scores were significantly higher in EG (3.32) than in CG (0.56) (p < 0.05), and myometrial scores were elevated in EG (1.72) versus CG (0.64). Endometrial thickness was reduced in EG (0.748 mm) compared with CG (1.470 mm) (p < 0.05), whereas myometrial thickness showed no significant difference. Continuous EMW exposure (24 h.day-1, GD1–GD19; SAR 1.74 W.kg-1) was associated with lower maternal weight at GD20, reduced litter size, higher endometrial/myometrial injury scores, and reduced endometrial thickness, while MDA and SOD differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These findings warrant further studies to clarify the mechanisms involved without overstating the changes in oxidative biomarkers.
Adverse effects of cell phone radiation on Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of pregnant Balb/c mice Armalina, Desy; Susilaningsih , Neni; Sutanto, Heri; Sunarno, Sunarno
JKKI : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia JKKI, Vol 17, No 1, (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/JKKI.Vol17.Iss1.art4

Abstract

Background: Pregnant women often use mobile phones for communication and health-related information. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends minimizing mobile phone use during pregnancy to reduce maternal and child health risks. Electromagnetic waves (EMW) from cell phones can be absorbed by the brain and may affect neuronal function.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the size, histology, and number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of pregnant mice exposed to cell phone EMW compared to unexposed controls.Methods: Fourteen pregnant Balb/c mice were randomly divided into exposed (EG) and control (CG) groups. The EG was exposed to an electromagnetic wave with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.74 W/kg for 24 hours per day from gestation day 0 to 19. On day 20, cerebellar tissues were harvested and processed with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining for histological assessment.Results: The mean Purkinje cell size in the EG (0.069 ± 0.009 mm) was slightly smaller than in the CG (0.070 ± 0.007 mm), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.741). However, the Purkinje cell count was significantly lower in the EG (6.160 ± 0.746) than in the CG (7.800 ± 0.764; p < 0.001), indicating that EMW exposure reduced Purkinje cell numbers.Conclusion: Exposure to cell phone EMW during pregnancy led to a significant reduction in Purkinje cell numbers in the cerebellum, while cell size remained unchanged. These findings suggest that prenatal exposure to EMW may negatively affect fetal cerebellar development. This underscores the need for pregnant women to be cautious with mobile phone use and highlights the importance of further research to clarify the risks to maternal and fetal health.
Co-Authors Desy Armalina Heri Sutanto Sunarno Sunarno