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All Journal Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Diponegoro International Medical Journal (DIMJ)
Kumalasari, Anatalya Diah Ayu
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience

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Prenatal–Postnatal Heavy Metal Exposure in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Disorder and ADHD: A Systematic Review Husodho, Gabriela Valencia Putri; Prasadah, Ichsan Marzuki; Kumalasari, Anatalya Diah Ayu; Listiyanti, Talitha Aristawati; Setiawan, Rivaldo Heru; Bakri, Saekhol
Diponegoro International Medical Journal Vol 6, No 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/dimj.v6i2.29755

Abstract

Introduction: Susceptibility to environmental insults during fetal brain development has been linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children and is influenced not only by genetics, but also by environmental factors, particularly prenatal exposure to heavy metals. Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, are known neurotoxins that can disrupt fetal brain development; however, evidence regarding their role in ADHD remains inconsistent.Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the association between prenatal heavy metal exposure and the risk of ADHD in children. The PECO framework was used to define population, exposure, comparators, and outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest, using relevant keywords. Eligible studies included human observational research (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) between 2021 and 2025 assessing prenatal exposure to heavy metals, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and ADHD.Results: Several studies have reported that elevated prenatal levels of cadmium, lead, and manganese are associated with increased ADHD symptoms and reduced cognitive performance. The findings on mercury were mixed, potentially due to confounding factors, including fish intake and maternal nutrition. Selenium and copper demonstrate dual effects, being essential at low levels but harmful at high concentrations. Thallium exposure in the third trimester significantly impaired cognitive and psychomotor development. Some studies have highlighted sex-specific and nonlinear dose-response effects.Conclusion: Heavy metals have an inconsistent impact on neurodevelopment. While some studies have associated prenatal exposure to cadmium and lead with neurodevelopmental issues, others have not found such links. Both prenatal and postnatal exposure to heavy metals, particularly cadmium, mercury, and lead, are associated with childhood ADHD.Keywords: ADHD, prenatal exposure, heavy metals, neurodevelopment, environmental toxins
Exploring the Potential of Yoga as a Complementary Therapy for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Kumalasari, Anatalya Diah Ayu; Faiza, Agyta Hanifa; Husodho, Gabriela Valencia Putri; Kesoema, Tanti Ajoe
Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol 11, No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jbtr.v11i3.29516

Abstract

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disorder that is most commonly experienced by women. This condition can reduce the quality of life because it can affect physical, psychological, emotional, social, and financial. The first-line and safest therapy for PCOS is lifestyle changes. One of them is doing physical activity. Yoga as one of the low-intensity physical activities has the potential as a complementary therapy for PCOS. This study implements a systematic review with qualitative analysis method. A literature search was done using the search engines PubMed, Science Direct, and Proquest by setting inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Yoga is a sport that can be done by everyone because it does not require fitness and flexibility at a certain level. Some of the mechanisms of yoga as complementary therapy for PCOS are the optimization of the autonomic nervous system, regulation of the endocrine system, reduction of stress levels, and balancing of neural hormones. Previous research has shown that yoga can improve various aspects in PCOS women such as anthropometric parameters, menstrual cycle, ovarian morphology, biochemical markers, hormones, cardiovascular, and psychiatric conditions. Yoga can improve various aspects including anthropometric parameters, menstrual cycle, ovarian morphology, biochemical markers, hormones, cardiovascular, and psychiatric conditions.
Co-Authors Faiza, Agyta Hanifa Husodho, Gabriela Valencia Putri Listiyanti, Talitha Aristawati Prasadah, Ichsan Marzuki Saekhol Bakri, Saekhol Setiawan, Rivaldo Heru Tanti Ajoe Kesoema, Tanti Ajoe