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All Journal Journal of Indonesian Scholars for Social Research PATRIOT
Bernardus Horokubun
Universitas Caritas Indonesia
Humanities Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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ASPEK HUKUM TERHADAP INTERKONEKSI GIZI, KESEHATAN, DAN PENDIDIKAN: MEWUJUDKAN SDGS MELALUI KEBIJAKAN MAKANAN BERGIZI GRATIS DI SEKOLAH Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar; Yunus Tekad Kurniadi Ruslak Hammar; Bernardus Horokubun
PATRIOT Vol. 18 No. 2 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Caritas Indonesia

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Abstract

The provision of free healthy meals within school environments is one of the government’s policy measures aimed at strengthening the foundation of human resource quality from an early age, particularly at the elementary school level. This policy is rooted not only in social and public health imperatives but also carries significant legal dimensions, as it directly relates to the fulfillment of fundamental rights of citizens—especially the rights to food, healthcare, and quality education. This paper explores the legal framework underlying the interconnection between nutritional fulfillment, health conditions, and access to education within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a particular focus on Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and Goal 4 (Quality Education). A normative juridical approach is employed to examine several regulations, including the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health, Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food, and Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 2017 concerning the implementation of the SDGs. The findings indicate that the provision of nutritious food free of charge represents a tangible manifestation of the state's role in fulfilling socio-economic rights within a legal state framework. However, its implementation remains hampered by institutional challenges, weak oversight mechanisms, and limited cross-sectoral coordination. Therefore, regulatory synergy across sectors is essential to ensure the inclusive and sustainable realization of the SDGs.
Retributive Justice in Ancient Mesopotamian Law: Institutional Foundations of Punishment in the Code of Hammurabi Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak Hammar; Bernardus Horokubun; Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar
Journal of Indonesian Scholars for Social Research Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): JISSR
Publisher : Cendekiawan Indonesia Timur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59065/jissr.v6i2.296

Abstract

Ancient Mesopotamia occupies a central position in the history of written law, particularly through the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest and most systematic legal collections of the ancient world. This article examines the concept of retributive justice in Babylonian legal thought and analyzes the institutional foundations of punishment reflected in the Code of Hammurabi. Using normative legal research with historical and conceptual approaches, the study explores how punishment was constructed, legitimized, and applied within the social and political order of ancient Babylon. The findings show that the Code of Hammurabi embodied the principle of lex talionis, emphasizing proportionality between offense and punishment as a core expression of retributive justice. However, punishment was not merely a moral response to wrongdoing; it was also embedded in institutional mechanisms involving courts, royal administration, and the king’s authority as the ultimate source of legal legitimacy. The study further reveals that the application of punishment was shaped by Babylonian social hierarchy, where legal consequences varied according to the status of offenders and victims. Historically, the Code of Hammurabi contributed to the development of criminal law thought by providing an early foundation for proportional punishment, legal codification, and the relationship between law, authority, and social order.
Co-Authors Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak Hammar Yunus Tekad Kurniadi Ruslak Hammar