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All Journal Berajah Journal International Journal of Business and Quality Research
Gunarto Wardono
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Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Social Sciences

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ANALISIS YURIDIS PERJANJIAN PERDAGANGAN BEBAS BERBASIS DIGITAL (DIGITAL FTA) TINJAUAN ATAS KERANGKA HUKUM MULTILATERAL DAN REGIONAL DI ERA EKONOMI DIGITAL Rahmat Wijaya; Annie Myranika; Gunarto Wardono; Agus Alqodri; Raliyanto Budi Wikarno
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.242

Abstract

The exponential growth of the digital economy has driven a fundamental transformation in the architecture of international trade, leading to the emergence of digital-based Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) or Digital Trade Agreements (DTAs). This study comprehensively analyses the legal framework of digital-based free trade agreements, focusing on three main aspects: (1) the evolution of digital regulation within the context of international trade law; (2) the harmonisation of digital standards between the models of the United States, the European Union, and ASEAN; and (3) the legal implications of the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) for Indonesia’s national legal system. Using a normative legal research method with a comparative approach and document analysis, this study examines 193 Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) containing e-commerce provisions that have been notified to the WTO up to 2024. The findings reveal regulatory fragmentation between the US data liberalisation model, which is market-oriented, and the European Union’s privacy protection model, which is based on fundamental rights. The ASEAN DEFA 2025 represents a legal innovation as the world’s first comprehensive regional digital economic agreement, yet faces implementation challenges regarding digital sovereignty, cross-border data protection, and regulatory capacity gaps among member states. This study recommends the development of a hybrid legal model that accommodates the digital development interests of developing nations without compromising regional economic integration.
The Effectiveness of Financial Services Authority Supervision of Leasing Companies from the Perspective of State Administrative Law Gunarto Wardono; Mustofa Kamil; Rahmat Wijaya; Juhana Nuryana; Raliyanto Budi Wikarno; Hikmat Ansori
International Journal of Business and Quality Research Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): International Journal of Business and Quality Research (IJBQR)
Publisher : Citakonsultindo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63922/ijbqr.v4i02.3535

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in supervising leasing companies and identifies systemic challenges in consumer protection from an Administrative Law perspective. Employing a normative legal methodology with a contextual approach, the research analyzes primary regulations, including the OJK Law, Consumer Protection Law, Fiduciary Guarantee Law, and relevant Constitutional Court rulings, alongside documented field practices. Findings reveal a persistent implementation gap between formal regulatory mandates and practical enforcement. Despite measurable declines in consumer complaints, aggressive debt collection, unilateral fiduciary executions, and opaque contractual practices remain prevalent. From an administrative law standpoint, these shortcomings reflect vulnerabilities in applying legitimacy, proportionality, and accountability principles, compounded by regulatory fragmentation, limited institutional capacity, and weak inter-agency coordination. The study concludes that OJK’s supervisory framework requires structural reform to transition from compliance-based monitoring to outcome-oriented governance. Recommendations include harmonizing overlapping regulations, establishing joint enforcement task forces, integrating data-driven monitoring systems, and implementing sustained consumer literacy initiatives. Ultimately, aligning financial supervision with foundational administrative law tenets is essential to strengthen institutional credibility, ensure equitable consumer protection, and foster a resilient leasing sector in Indonesia.
KAJIAN YURIDIS DAMPAK TEKNOLOGI DIGITAL TERHADAP KEPASTIAN HUKUM DALAM TRANSAKSI BISNIS Rahmat Wijaya; Pandri Zulfikar; Gunarto Wardono; Agus Alqodri; Raliyanto Budi Wikarno
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.439

Abstract

The development of digital technology has brought about a fundamental transformation in the conduct of modern business transactions. The emergence of blockchain technology, smart contracts, electronic signatures and e-commerce platforms has changed the conventional paradigm of conducting transactions. However, this digital transformation poses significant challenges to legal certainty in business transactions, particularly in relation to legal validity, consumer protection, dispute resolution and jurisdiction. This study aims to analyse the impact of digital technology on legal certainty in business transactions from a legal perspective using a normative legal research method. The results of the study indicate that digital technology has a two-sided impact on legal certainty: on the one hand, it enhances the efficiency and transparency of transactions; on the other hand, it creates legal uncertainty due to regulations that have not yet been able to keep pace with technological developments. This study recommends the need to harmonise national regulations with international standards, as well as the establishment of a specific legal framework for digital transactions to ensure optimal legal certainty.
Co-Authors Agus Alqodri Annie Myranika Hikmat Ansori Juhana Nuryana Mustofa Kamil Pandri Zulfikar Rahmat Wijaya Raliyanto Budi Wikarno