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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Jamila Umar Atiku
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Social Sciences

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Study on Some Mechanical Properties of Waste PET and Sand Composites Jamila Umar Atiku; Ago Mikyitsabu Atoshi; Andrew Alheri; Andema Kanadi Aaron; Peter Micheal Dass
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5513

Abstract

The escalating issue of plastic waste, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poses significant environmental challenges in Nigeria due to its resistance to natural degradation. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of recycling waste PET into composite materials by incorporating sand sourced from three distinct locations. Composites were formulated by blending PET waste with sand in varying ratios, designated as samples A, B, and C. We meticulously evaluated the mechanical properties of these composites, focusing on impact strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, and hardness. The findings reveal that increasing sand content correlates with a decrease in impact strength, a trend consistent across all samples as PET content diminishes. Although compressive strength initially exhibits a slight increase with additional sand, it ultimately enhances with greater PET proportions. Conversely, tensile strength experiences a modest rise with increased sand and a significant improvement with elevated PET levels. Notably, hardness decreases with rising sand content but improves with higher PET levels. These results highlight the potential of PET-sand composites as sustainable construction materials, representing a practical approach to mitigating plastic waste while contributing to eco-friendly building practices.
Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dye Obtained from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod Bark Andema Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau; Jamila Umar Atiku; James Yakubu; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9400

Abstract

Although natural dyes have attracted growing interest as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, studies on the physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural properties of dye extracts from African locust bean pod remain limited. This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from African locust bean pod using the maceration method. The extraction yielded 23.76%, and the dye extract was dark brown, with a pH of 5.77, a melting point of 440 °C, a density of 0.54 g/mL, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phlabotannins, anthraquinones, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrate, starch, proteins, and anthocyanins, while saponin was absent. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi, and antifungal activity against P. notatum, but no antifungal activity was observed against C. albicans and A. niger at all concentrations. Characterization was conducted using UV-Vis, FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC, and SEM analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the highest absorbance recorded at 287 nm (4.1000), likely associated with carbonyl (C=O) groups characteristic of hydrolysable tannins. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C=O stretching, and C–O stretching functional groups. GC-MS identified 19 compounds with varying retention times and peak areas, among which cis-9-hexadecenal (14.81%) was the major compound, followed by heneicosanoic acid (8.59%), hexadecanoic acid (7.93%), and octadecanoic acid (7.31%). HPLC analysis revealed gallic acid as the most abundant compound, indicating the presence of hydrolysable tannin, while SEM showed a rough and porous surface morphology with a compacted, fused-like solid structure. These findings demonstrate that African locust bean pod is a promising source of natural dye with notable bioactive and structural characteristics, thereby contributing to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based dye materials.
Co-Authors Ago Mikyitsabu Atoshi Andema Aaron Kanadi Andema Kanadi Aaron Andrew Alheri James Yakubu Joshua Yakubu Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau Peter Micheal Dass