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Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dye Obtained from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod Bark Andema Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau; Jamila Umar Atiku; James Yakubu; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9400

Although natural dyes have attracted growing interest as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, studies on the physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural properties of dye extracts from African locust bean pod remain limited. This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from African locust bean pod using the maceration method. The extraction yielded 23.76%, and the dye extract was dark brown, with a pH of 5.77, a melting point of 440 °C, a density of 0.54 g/mL, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phlabotannins, anthraquinones, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrate, starch, proteins, and anthocyanins, while saponin was absent. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi, and antifungal activity against P. notatum, but no antifungal activity was observed against C. albicans and A. niger at all concentrations. Characterization was conducted using UV-Vis, FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC, and SEM analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the highest absorbance recorded at 287 nm (4.1000), likely associated with carbonyl (C=O) groups characteristic of hydrolysable tannins. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C=O stretching, and C–O stretching functional groups. GC-MS identified 19 compounds with varying retention times and peak areas, among which cis-9-hexadecenal (14.81%) was the major compound, followed by heneicosanoic acid (8.59%), hexadecanoic acid (7.93%), and octadecanoic acid (7.31%). HPLC analysis revealed gallic acid as the most abundant compound, indicating the presence of hydrolysable tannin, while SEM showed a rough and porous surface morphology with a compacted, fused-like solid structure. These findings demonstrate that African locust bean pod is a promising source of natural dye with notable bioactive and structural characteristics, thereby contributing to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based dye materials.

Optimization of the Dyeing Conditions of Natural Dye from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod on Cotton Fabrics Andama Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; James Yakubu; Abdulkadir Junior Bilyamin; Akinterinwa Ayo; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i2.10011

This study examines the dyeing performance, color fastness, surface morphology, and antimicrobial properties of cotton fabrics dyed with natural dye extract, both with and without mordant treatment. The dye extract was applied to treated and untreated cotton fabrics, while CuSO₄, FeSO₄, and KAl(SO₄)₂ were used as mordants to produce different color shades. The optimum dyeing conditions for treated and untreated cotton fabrics were identified at dye concentrations of 2% and 1.5%, temperatures of 90°C and 80°C, and dyeing times of 60 and 50 minutes, respectively. Color fastness to washing and sunlight was evaluated, and the surface morphology of dyed and undyed fabrics was investigated using SEM. The dyed cotton fabrics demonstrated good color fastness, with ratings ranging from 3 to 5 under washing and sunlight exposure. Antimicrobial analysis showed that all dyed fabrics, with and without mordants, produced no inhibition zone against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi, with values of 0.00 ± 0.00. However, the dyed fabrics exhibited varying inhibition zones against the fungus Penicillium notatum. Treated cotton dyed with copper sulphate mordant showed the highest inhibition zone of 1.1 ± 0.00 mm, whereas untreated cotton dyed with potassium aluminium sulphate mordant showed the lowest inhibition zone of 0.4 ± 0.00 mm. The study concludes that mordant-assisted dyeing can improve shade variation and maintain acceptable color fastness in cotton fabrics, while the antifungal activity of the dyed fabrics suggests potential functional value for naturally dyed textile applications.

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dye Obtained from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod Bark Andema Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau; Jamila Umar Atiku; James Yakubu; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9400

Although natural dyes have attracted growing interest as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, studies on the physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural properties of dye extracts from African locust bean pod remain limited. This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from African locust bean pod using the maceration method. The extraction yielded 23.76%, and the dye extract was dark brown, with a pH of 5.77, a melting point of 440 °C, a density of 0.54 g/mL, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phlabotannins, anthraquinones, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrate, starch, proteins, and anthocyanins, while saponin was absent. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi, and antifungal activity against P. notatum, but no antifungal activity was observed against C. albicans and A. niger at all concentrations. Characterization was conducted using UV-Vis, FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC, and SEM analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the highest absorbance recorded at 287 nm (4.1000), likely associated with carbonyl (C=O) groups characteristic of hydrolysable tannins. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C=O stretching, and C–O stretching functional groups. GC-MS identified 19 compounds with varying retention times and peak areas, among which cis-9-hexadecenal (14.81%) was the major compound, followed by heneicosanoic acid (8.59%), hexadecanoic acid (7.93%), and octadecanoic acid (7.31%). HPLC analysis revealed gallic acid as the most abundant compound, indicating the presence of hydrolysable tannin, while SEM showed a rough and porous surface morphology with a compacted, fused-like solid structure. These findings demonstrate that African locust bean pod is a promising source of natural dye with notable bioactive and structural characteristics, thereby contributing to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based dye materials.

Sustainable Rice Husk Mixture Fibre–Stripe Polyethylene Film Composites: Effects of Recycling and Alkali Treatment on Water Absorption, Flammability, Density, and Mechanical Properties Mathias Bifam; Yakubu Joshua; Alheri Andrew; Peter Micheal Dass
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 2 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i2.10004

The increasing accumulation of plastic and agricultural waste has intensified interest in sustainable polymer composites that combine improved material performance with environmental value. This study investigates the water absorption, flammability, density, hardness, and tensile strength of composites prepared from used and unused stripe polyethylene (PE) films and rice husk mixture fibres, with and without NaOH treatment. Water absorption testing showed that composites made with used PE exhibited the highest uptake, reaching 88.35% after 24 hours, which was attributed to polymer degradation and microvoid formation, whereas unused PE composites demonstrated superior moisture resistance, with absorption as low as 2.19%. NaOH-treated rice husk improved fibre–matrix adhesion and produced intermediate absorption values. Flammability analysis revealed that used PE composites burned faster, with rates of 0.88–0.39 mm/sec, compared with unused PE composites, which recorded 0.65–0.28 mm/sec, while NaOH treatment reduced flammability through enhanced char formation and silica content. Density measurements indicated lower values for used PE composites, ranging from 1.18 to 2.25 g/cm³, due to chain scission and void formation, whereas unused PE composites maintained higher densities of up to 2.75 g/cm³. Hardness and tensile strength increased with PE content, with unused PE composites achieving the highest values of 36.60 MPa and 54.90 MPa, respectively, while NaOH-treated rice husk composites provided balanced mechanical reinforcement. The study concludes that unused PE offers superior mechanical performance and moisture resistance, whereas NaOH-treated rice husk enhances interfacial bonding and fire-safety characteristics. These findings contribute to the development of sustainable rice husk–polyethylene composites as potential eco-friendly materials for packaging, construction, and automotive applications.

Sustainable Rice Husk Mixture Fibre–Stripe Polyethylene Film Composites: Effects of Recycling and Alkali Treatment on Water Absorption, Flammability, Density, and Mechanical Properties Mathias Bifam; Yakubu Joshua; Alheri Andrew; Peter Micheal Dass
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 2 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i2.10004

The increasing accumulation of plastic and agricultural waste has intensified interest in sustainable polymer composites that combine improved material performance with environmental value. This study investigates the water absorption, flammability, density, hardness, and tensile strength of composites prepared from used and unused stripe polyethylene (PE) films and rice husk mixture fibres, with and without NaOH treatment. Water absorption testing showed that composites made with used PE exhibited the highest uptake, reaching 88.35% after 24 hours, which was attributed to polymer degradation and microvoid formation, whereas unused PE composites demonstrated superior moisture resistance, with absorption as low as 2.19%. NaOH-treated rice husk improved fibre–matrix adhesion and produced intermediate absorption values. Flammability analysis revealed that used PE composites burned faster, with rates of 0.88–0.39 mm/sec, compared with unused PE composites, which recorded 0.65–0.28 mm/sec, while NaOH treatment reduced flammability through enhanced char formation and silica content. Density measurements indicated lower values for used PE composites, ranging from 1.18 to 2.25 g/cm³, due to chain scission and void formation, whereas unused PE composites maintained higher densities of up to 2.75 g/cm³. Hardness and tensile strength increased with PE content, with unused PE composites achieving the highest values of 36.60 MPa and 54.90 MPa, respectively, while NaOH-treated rice husk composites provided balanced mechanical reinforcement. The study concludes that unused PE offers superior mechanical performance and moisture resistance, whereas NaOH-treated rice husk enhances interfacial bonding and fire-safety characteristics. These findings contribute to the development of sustainable rice husk–polyethylene composites as potential eco-friendly materials for packaging, construction, and automotive applications.

Extraction and Application of Natural Dye from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod on Nylon Fabrics Andema Aaron Kanadi; Abdulkadir Junior Bilyamin; Joshua Yakubu; Lunsti John; Akinterinwa Ayo; Peter Micheal Dass
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 3 No 3 (2026): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v3i3.11793

Growing environmental and health concerns regarding synthetic dyes have increased interest in natural colorants as potentially more sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to extract and optimize a natural dye from Parkia biglobosa pods and evaluate its application to nylon fabrics. The dye was extracted through maceration, producing a yield of 23.76%. The optimum dyeing conditions for treated and untreated nylon were concentrations of 1% and 1.5%, temperatures of 60 and 70 °C, and dyeing times of 30 and 40 min, respectively. The extract was applied using pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting techniques with copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and potassium aluminum sulfate as mordants. The resulting fabrics exhibited shades ranging from light and dark brown to black, with pre-mordanting producing the most visually attractive shades. However, the dyed nylon fabrics demonstrated poor colorfastness to sunlight and washing, with ratings ranging from 1 to 3. Neither mordanted nor unmordanted fabrics exhibited antibacterial activity against B. subtilis or S. Typhi (inhibition zone: 0.00 ± 0.00 mm). In contrast, all dyed fabrics showed varying antifungal activity against P. notatum. Treated nylon dyed with copper sulfate produced the largest inhibition zone (1.0 ± 0.00 mm), whereas untreated nylon dyed with potassium aluminum sulfate produced the smallest (0.3 ± 0.00 mm). These findings demonstrate the potential of P. biglobosa pods as a source of natural dye for nylon fabrics, particularly when applied through pre-mordanting. Nevertheless, the poor colorfastness and limited antimicrobial performance indicate that further optimization is necessary before practical textile application.

Extraction and Application of Natural Dye from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod on Nylon Fabrics Andema Aaron Kanadi; Abdulkadir Junior Bilyamin; Joshua Yakubu; Lunsti John; Akinterinwa Ayo; Peter Micheal Dass
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 3 No 3 (2026): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v3i3.11793

Growing environmental and health concerns regarding synthetic dyes have increased interest in natural colorants as potentially more sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to extract and optimize a natural dye from Parkia biglobosa pods and evaluate its application to nylon fabrics. The dye was extracted through maceration, producing a yield of 23.76%. The optimum dyeing conditions for treated and untreated nylon were concentrations of 1% and 1.5%, temperatures of 60 and 70 °C, and dyeing times of 30 and 40 min, respectively. The extract was applied using pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting techniques with copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and potassium aluminum sulfate as mordants. The resulting fabrics exhibited shades ranging from light and dark brown to black, with pre-mordanting producing the most visually attractive shades. However, the dyed nylon fabrics demonstrated poor colorfastness to sunlight and washing, with ratings ranging from 1 to 3. Neither mordanted nor unmordanted fabrics exhibited antibacterial activity against B. subtilis or S. Typhi (inhibition zone: 0.00 ± 0.00 mm). In contrast, all dyed fabrics showed varying antifungal activity against P. notatum. Treated nylon dyed with copper sulfate produced the largest inhibition zone (1.0 ± 0.00 mm), whereas untreated nylon dyed with potassium aluminum sulfate produced the smallest (0.3 ± 0.00 mm). These findings demonstrate the potential of P. biglobosa pods as a source of natural dye for nylon fabrics, particularly when applied through pre-mordanting. Nevertheless, the poor colorfastness and limited antimicrobial performance indicate that further optimization is necessary before practical textile application.

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