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All Journal Pharmaciana: Jurnal Kefarmasian Media Farmasi : Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi (Journal Of Pharmaceutical Science)
Urmatul Waznah
University of Muhammadiyah Pekajangan Pekalongan
Chemistry Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology

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Improving phenolic content in Piper betel leaf extract via pH adjustment during ethanol extraction Urmatul Waznah; Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah; Windha Widyastuti; Rizqi Aulia Rachim; Mutiara Zahra Romadhona; Bunga Merrelita Syahputi; Eko Mugiyanto
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30945

Abstract

The extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Piper betel leaves is strongly influenced by pH conditions. Understanding the impact of pH on the recovery of phenolic and flavonoid compounds is crucial for optimizing extraction processes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of extraction pH on the yield of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Piper betel leaves and to analyze the correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid compounds under different pH conditions. Ethanol extraction was performed at various pH levels (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10). Total flavonoid content was determined using quercetin equivalents (mg QE/g extract), while total phenolic content was measured as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE/g extract). Hierarchical cluster analysis and correlation analysis were applied to assess the relationships among extraction profiles. The results showed that pH 2 achieved the highest flavonoid yield (22.60 ± 0.92 mg QE/g), whereas pH 4 resulted in the maximum phenolic content (59.51 ± 1.88 mg GAE/g). Alkaline conditions (pH 8 and 10) significantly reduced extraction efficiency. Cluster analysis distinguished pH extremes (2 and 10) from intermediate pH values (4–8), while correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship (r = 0.98) between phenolic and flavonoid content at pH 6. Negative correlations were observed at pH 2, 8, and 10, indicating competitive extraction dynamics. Extraction pH critically determines the recovery and profile of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in Piper betel extracts. Acidic conditions (pH 2–4) are optimal for maximizing bioactive compound yields, while pH 6 offers a balanced extraction of both phenolic and flavonoid groups. These findings provide a scientific basis for pH-controlled extraction strategies in the development of phytopharmaceutical products.
A Design and Evaluation of a SNEDDS-Based System for Temu Ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) Extract: Enhancing Antioxidant Efficacy Using the SLD Technique Urmatul Waznah; Riska Kurnia Oktaviani Oktaviani; Shabrina Ainin; M. Iskandar Khafid; Eko Mugiyanto
Media Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi Vol. 22 No. 1: March 2025
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/mf.v22i1.30268

Abstract

Temu Ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) is known for its strong antioxidant properties, primarily due to its bioactive compounds such as curcumin. However, these chemicals' lipophilia and instability in traditional formulations frequently limit their bioavailability. To address these challenges, a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) was developed using the Simple Lattice Design (SLD) method to improve the chemical and physical properties of Temu Ireng extract by forming a stable nanoemulsion that is uniformly distributed in the digestive system. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a SNEDDS of Temu Ireng extract using the SLD approach, with a focus on enhancing its antioxidant activity. The formulation involved selecting suitable oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants, followed by optimization based on solubility studies, phase diagrams, and thermodynamic stability tests. The SNEDDS was characterized for physical properties such as emulsification time, transmittance, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. The optimized SNEDDS formulation exhibited excellent characteristics, including an emulsification time of less than 1 minute, near 100% transmittance, a particle size of 9.77 ± 1.33 nm, zeta potential of 0.9 ± 0.1 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.302 ± 0.033. Antioxidant testing using the DPPH method showed that the 0.1% SNEDDS formulation of Temu Ireng extract had an inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 58.482 mg/L, indicating strong antioxidant activity. The results suggest that the SNEDDS formulation using the SLD method could be an effective strategy to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of Temu Ireng extract as an antioxidant agent.
Co-Authors Bunga Merrelita Syahputi Eko Mugiyanto M. Iskandar Khafid Mutiara Zahra Romadhona Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah Riska Kurnia Oktaviani Oktaviani Rizqi Aulia, Rachim Shabrina Ainin Windha Widyastuti