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Ade Irma Suryani
University of Jember, Indonesia

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Legal Certainty in the Criminalization of Directors Misusing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Funds Ade Irma Suryani; I Gede Widhiana Suarda; Y. A Triana Ohoiwutun
Rechtenstudent Vol. 6 No. 3 (2025): Rechtenstudent December 2025
Publisher : Sharia Faculty, Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq State Islamic University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/rch.v6i3.374

Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a legal obligation for companies as regulated in Article 74 of Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies (PT Law). However, in practice, misuse of CSR funds remains common in both private companies and State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN), creating adverse impacts on society and the government. This study aims to examine the legal framework governing the criminal liability of directors for the misuse of CSR funds within the Indonesian criminal law system and to analyze the application of the principle of legal certainty. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, the study finds that directors may be held criminally liable under Article 488 of the Criminal Code when CSR funds are misused in private companies, while similar acts in BUMN may be categorized as corruption under Articles 2 and 3 of the Corruption Law. Nonetheless, ambiguity within Article 74 of the PT Law continues to generate multiple interpretations, potentially hindering legal enforcement and conflicting with the principles of legality and legal certainty. Therefore, a specific regulation (lex specialis) addressing directors’ criminal liability in CSR fund management is required to enhance legal certainty and strengthen accountable and transparent corporate governance.
Legal Certainty of Criminal Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence Scam through Electronic Communications in Indonesia Nabila Fajrin; Ade Irma Suryani; Dominikus Rato; Y. A Triana Ohoiwutun
Rechtenstudent Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Rechtenstudent August 2026 (In Progress)
Publisher : Sharia Faculty, Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq State Islamic University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/rch.v7i2.413

Abstract

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has achieved significant progress across various sectors but has also created new challenges in the field of law, particularly regarding the emergence of new methods of fraud (scam) through electronic communication. AI-based scams, such as the use of deepfake technology to mimic the faces and voices of public figures, have opened opportunities for technological misuse that harms society. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s legal regulations concerning AI-based scam offenses conducted through electronic communication and to examine the legal certainty in determining the criminal liability of perpetrators. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the regulation of such crimes is already established in the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), and the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP). Article 492 of the KUHP remains relevant since the elements of fraud are fulfilled even when committed digitally, while Articles 28 and 35 of the UU ITE regulate the dissemination of false information and electronic data manipulation, and Articles 65–68 of the UU PDP provide protection for victims’ personal data. Based on the legal principle of geen straf zonder schuld (“no punishment without fault”), the use of AI does not eliminate human culpability, as AI merely serves as a tool controlled by the perpetrator. Therefore, Indonesian law has provided a clear foundation of legal certainty in determining criminal liability for perpetrators of AI-based scams conducted through electronic communication.
Co-Authors Dominikus Rato I Gede Widhiana Suarda Nabila Fajrin Y. A. Triana Ohoiwutun, Y. A. Triana