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All Journal Jurnal Teknik Industri Terintegrasi (JUTIN) Jurna Beta Kimia
Wiratama, Ihsan
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Education Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering

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Technical and Economic Evaluation of Agricultural Waste-Based Biological Agents for Laboratory-Scale Ammonia Removal Wiratama, Ihsan; Suhirman, Suhirman; Arvianto, Rizky Ibnufaatih; Nainggolan, Denny Hendrik; Puteri, Denanda Clarasati; Putra, Muhammad Iqbal; Luthfi, Muhammad Zulfikar
Jurnal Teknik Industri Terintegrasi (JUTIN) Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): April
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/jutin.v9i2.56944

Abstract

Ammonia contamination in water poses serious ecological risks, while commercial bioremediation agents remain costly for widespread application. This study evaluated the technical and economic performance of a self-formulated biological agent made from golden apple snail shells and banana pseudostems for ammonia removal. A laboratory-scale preliminary experiment used 500 mL batch reactors containing synthetic wastewater in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial design without replication, comparing EM4 and the self-formulated agent at initial ammonia concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 ppm over 1, 2, and 3 days. Ammonia was measured by the Nessler spectrophotometric method and analyzed using ANOVA GLM. The self-formulated agent showed performance comparable to EM4, with both achieving more than 80% removal under suitable conditions. Removal efficiency was influenced by the interaction between ammonia load and contact time, while cost analysis indicated a potential 92.1% saving. Further replicated pilot-scale studies with abiotic controls and real wastewater are recommended.
Kinetics of Ammonia Biodegradation Using EM4 with Palm Sugar as an External Carbon Source Puteri, Denanda Clarasati; Arvianto, Rizky Ibnufaatih; Suhirman, Suhirman; Ardian, Adna Ivan; Putra, Muhamad Iqbal; Luthfi, Muhammad Zulfikar; Wiratama, Ihsan; Jerry, Jerry; Nury, Dennis Farina
Jurnal Beta Kimia Vol 6 No 1 (2026): Volume 6 Issue 1, May 2026
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Cendana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35508/jbk.v6i1.27517

Abstract

Biological treatment of ammonia requires sufficient carbon availability to maintain stable microbial activity and sustain optimal degradation rates. This study evaluates the kinetics of ammonia biodegradation using an EM4 microbial consortium supplemented with palm sugar as an external carbon source in aerobic batch reactors. Initial ammonia concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 ppm were evaluated over six days of operation. Monitored parameters included ammonia concentration, pH, and biomass (MLSS), while kinetic evaluation applied a pseudo–first‑order model via the ln(St/S0)–time relationship. The results showed removal efficiencies of 79.0–83.4%, accompanied by MLSS increases from ~2,000 to ~4,600 mg/L with higher initial concentrations. The pH range of 5.8–8.5 remained conducive to microbial activity. The ln(St/S0) curves exhibited strong linearity, confirming the suitability of the pseudo–first‑order model, and the reaction rate constants increased under higher substrate and biomass conditions. These findings indicate that palm sugar is effective as an external carbon source for sustaining process stability and accelerating ammonia removal. The integration of EM4 with a natural carbon source demonstrates potential as an efficient, economical, and readily implementable biological approach for ammonia treatment in wastewater.
Co-Authors Ardian, Adna Ivan Arvianto, Rizky Ibnufaatih Dennis Farina Nury Jerry, Jerry Muhammad Zulfikar Luthfi Nainggolan, Denny Hendrik Puteri, Denanda Clarasati Putra, Muhamad Iqbal Putra, Muhammad Iqbal SUHIRMAN SUHIRMAN