<![CDATA[Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penyebab frustasi, wujud frustasi, dan bentuk penyesuaian diri tokoh utama dalam novel Burung-burung Manyar karya Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif, berbentuk kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data penyebab frustasi tokoh utama dalam yaitu: (1) rintangan yang bukan berasal dari orang (meliputi status keluarga, lingkungan sosial, dan sistem birokrasi), rintangan yang berasal dari orang (meliputi rintangan yang berasal dari keluarga, teman atau kekasih, dan musuh), pertentangan motif positif dalam diri tokoh utama, yakni pertentangan motif antara menerima kekalahan atau memperjuangkan harga diri, pertentangan motif positif-negatif dalam diri tokoh utama, yakni pertentangan motif antara mencintai atau membenci ibunya; (2) wujud frustasi tokoh utama yaitu agresi (meliputi scape goating, free floating anger, dan suicide), mengundurkan diri atau menghindar (terdiri atas represi dan regresi), reaksi melakukan kompromi (meliputi sublimasi, reaksi formasi, proyeksi, dan rasionalisasi tipe anggur masam); (3) wujud frustasi tokoh utama, meliputi fantasi, kompensasi, dan pemindahan obyek. Kata Kunci : Novel, Frustasi, Psikologi Behavioristik  Abstract: The purpose of this research is to describe the causes of the frustration, kind of frustration, and adaptation from the main character in the novel of Burung- Burung Manyar created by Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya. The method used in this research is descriptive method in form of qualitative. Based on the result of data analysis, the cause of frustration of the main character is that (1) the obstacle faced is not from others (included family condition, social environment, and bureaucracy system), people (included family, friend or lover, and enemy) but from the positive motive of him (the main character) namely a motive to accept the loss or struggle himself, the contradictory between positive and negative motives; loving or hating his mother; (2) The frustration of the main character is kind of aggresse (included scapegoating, free floating anger, and suicide or blaming himself), reaction of declining (included repression and regression) and reaction of compromising (included sublimation, formation, and rationalization type of sour grapes); (3) The adaptation of the main character is implemented in fantasy, compensatory (hiding the weaknesses) and object changing. Keywords: Novel, Frustration, Behavioristic Psychology]]>
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