<![CDATA[This study aims to evaluate the importance of understanding mathematical concepts for students and identify the main obstacles students face in understanding basic mathematical concepts. The research approach applied was a literature study with a focus on learning theories, particularly behavioristic learning theories proposed by Pavlov and Skinner.The results showed that mastery of mathematical concepts plays a crucial role in enabling students to overcome mathematical challenges in everyday life. However, students often experience difficulties in understanding basic mathematical concepts, including in identifying relevant information, applying formulas, and systematically structuring solution steps. The proposed solution to improve understanding of mathematical concepts is through the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model, which effectively invites students to analyze, assess, and synthesize information to solve problems. In addition, the behavioristic approach, as proposed by Pavlov and Skinner, can be applied by providing positive reinforcement of the desired behavior. The research findings also highlight that the combination of behavioristic learning theory and cognitive learning theory is beneficial in improving mathematics learning achievement, especially in understanding the concept of fractions.]]>
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