<![CDATA[Orchids (Phalaenopsis sp.) are among the most valuable ornamental plants due to their wide range of flower colors and high commercial demand. However, conventional propagation methods are often inefficient for large-scale production, necessitating the optimization of tissue culture techniques for rapid and uniform clonal propagation. The use of appropriate plant growth regulators, particularly thidiazuron (TDZ), is crucial for enhancing somatic embryogenesis—a key pathway for orchid micropropagation. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of TDZ for inducing somatic embryogenesis in Phalaenopsis sp. through histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. A completely randomized design was employed using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with four TDZ concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/L). Leaf explants of Phalaenopsis sp. served as the explant source. The results demonstrated that direct somatic embryogenesis successfully occurred from leaf explants across treatments. Among the tested concentrations, 5 mg/L TDZ produced the most effective response, resulting in the highest somatic embryo formation rate (32%) and the shortest time to embryo maturation (37 days after culture initiation). The embryos exhibited characteristic dark green coloration and a crumbly texture. These findings highlight the pivotal role of TDZ in promoting somatic embryogenesis in Phalaenopsis sp., providing a reliable protocol for efficient orchid propagation. The study contributes to the advancement of orchid biotechnology by offering histological and ultrastructural evidence that supports the optimization of clonal propagation systems for commercial and conservation purposes.]]>
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