<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the challenges in teaching mathematics, specifically the concept of the area of squares and rectangles, and to propose strategies for implementing differentiated instruction based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in elementary schools. The method employed is a literature review, analyzing eleven research articles and two books published between 2017 and 2025. The findings indicate that the main issues in teaching the area of squares and rectangles include students' low mastery of basic multiplication, difficulties in understanding abstract concepts, and the lack of appropriate learning media. Various innovative solutionssuch as Differentiated Learning based on PBL, the Van Hiele Theory, Didactical Design, the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach, and unit square grid media have been proven effective in enhancing students' conceptual understanding, problem- solving skills, and learning outcomes. In conclusion, instructional approaches that account for individual learner characteristics, utilize contextual problems, and incorporate concrete media can comprehensively address the common challenges in mathematics learning at the elementary level.]]>
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