This study aims to 1) describe the effectiveness of implementing RME assisted by GeoGebra in terms of students' mathematical literacy and self-directed learning; 2) describe the effectiveness of implementing PBL in terms of students' mathematical literacy and self-directed learning; and 3) describe the differences in effectiveness between GeoGebra-assisted RME and PBL in terms of mathematical literacy and self-directed learning. This study involved 64 eighth-grade students from a public junior high school in Yogyakarta, utilizing a nonequivalent control group design Data were collected through test and non-test instruments and analyzed using one-sample t-tests and Hotelling's T² test. The findings show that: 1) GeoGebra-assisted RME learning is effective in enhancing both students’ mathematical literacy and self-directed learning; (2) PBL is also proven to be effective in supporting students’ mathematical literacy and self-directed learning; (3) A significant difference exists between the effectiveness of GeoGebra-assisted RME and PBL when viewed from the perspectives of mathematical literacy and self-directed learning; (4) GeoGebra-assisted RME does not outperform PBL in improving mathematical literacy; and (5) GeoGebra-assisted RME is more effective than PBL in promoting students’ self-directed learning. Therefore, the choice of instructional strategy should align with the intended learning outcomes.
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