<![CDATA[Electrifying Indonesia’s motorcycle fleet is critical for reducing urban emissions and fossil fuel dependence. This study experimentally evaluates three powertrain configurations—hub motor, continuously variable transmission (CVT), and single-gear ratio—for converting internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycles to electric two-wheelers (E2W). Using a Honda Vario 125 platform with a 72 V, 3 kW Brushless DC motor and 1.44 kWh lithium-ion battery, performance was assessed via chassis dynamometer and real-world urban road tests. The single-gear ratio configuration demonstrated superior overall performance, achieving 5.15 kW peak wheel power, 188.7 N·m torque, fastest acceleration (0–128 km/h in 22 s), and highest energy efficiency (37.0 km/kWh), enabling a 51.8 km range per charge. The hub motor excelled in top speed, while the CVT consistently underperformed. Benchmarking shows up to 104 % efficiency improvement over prior designs. These results provide quantitative guidance for converters, manufacturers, and policymakers, establishing the single-gear ratio as the optimal solution for urban and commercial E2W applications and supporting sustainable mobility initiatives.]]>
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