<![CDATA[ This study designs and evaluates an Internet of Things (IoT)–based integrated farming prototype to address limited land availability and improve water-use efficiency at a small scale. The system employs an ESP32-S3 microcontroller integrated with soil moisture (SEN0308), water temperature (DS18B20), air temperature–humidity (DHT11), pH, TDS, and a YF-B1 flowmeter sensors. Measurements are acquired periodically and transmitted in real time to Google Sheets via a Google Apps Script Web App for logging and dashboard visualization. Irrigation control is implemented using a hysteresis strategy: the solenoid valve is activated (ON) when soil moisture falls below 50% and deactivated (OFF) when it exceeds 55%, with an additional flow-duration limit to prevent rapid ON–OFF cycling. An 8-day experiment shows stable system operation. The average water temperature was 29.01°C (range 22.34–35.94°C), air humidity reached 73.52%, and soil moisture averaged 52.47%; pH was 6.35 (4.13–7.00), TDS was 664 ppm (583–760 ppm), and the flow rate was 0.36 L/min with a total distributed volume of approximately 4,190 L. The system consistently turns the solenoid ON when soil moisture is below the ON threshold (50%) and turns it OFF when it exceeds the OFF threshold (55%), thereby maintaining soil moisture within the intended operating range. Compared with manual irrigation over the same testing period (6,588.08 L), the proposed system reduced water consumption by 36.4% (to 4,190.00 L). The main contribution of this work is the application of a simple hysteresis logic that is proven stable and efficient for drip irrigation in a small-scale integrated farming system. These findings confirm that IoT technology can modernize integrated farming on limited land while supporting circular agriculture and food resilience through data-driven monitoring and automated decision-making.]]>
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