<![CDATA[Research in the field of education plays a crucial role in improving the quality of learning and supporting evidence-based decision-making. The selection of an appropriate research method greatly determines the accuracy of the findings, especially when the objective is to measure causal relationships between variables. In Islamic Religious Education (PAI), research is needed to assess the impact of learning approaches on students’ knowledge, attitudes, and religious behavior. This study examines the relevance of the causal comparative (ex post facto) method in PAI research through a literature review. This method enables researchers to evaluate differences in learning outcomes based on natural treatments that have occurred without manipulating the independent variables, making it suitable for religious education contexts. The findings indicate that the causal comparative method is effective in analyzing the influence of worship habituation, memorization, and role-modeling on religious outcomes, and serves as a strategic alternative when experimental designs are not feasible.]]>
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