Frequency-Dependent Magnetic Susceptibility of Sediments of Lake Tondano, Minahasa, North Sulawesi

Vistarani Arini Tiwow (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University, Manado, Indonesia)
Meytij Jeanne Rampe (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University, Manado, Indonesia)
Ishak Pawarangan (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University, Manado, Indonesia)
Muhammad Arsyad (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Makassar State University, Makassar, Indonesia)
Sayenne Givenshe Pungus (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University, Manado, Indonesia)
Gita Gratia Patris Nangka (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University, Manado, Indonesia)
Igreya Mitchell Kumendong (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University, Manado, Indonesia)
Oksan Prasetio Mundiahi (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University, Manado, Indonesia)

Jurnal Ilmiah Sains
Volume 26 Issue 1, April 2026

A study has been conducted on frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility in sediments of Lake Tondano, Minahasa, North Sulawesi. This study aims to analyze the types of minerals, grain sizes, and magnetic domains in sediment samples of Lake Tondano. The method used is the rock magnetism method, specifically the magnetic susceptibility parameters. Magnetic susceptibility measurements used a Bartington susceptibility meter that works at two frequencies, namely 470 Hz and 4700 Hz. The results obtained are sediment samples are indicated to contain ferrimagnetic minerals. The grain size distribution in sediment samples is predominantly fine <0.03 µm. The frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility value χFD% is dominantly more than 2%, indicating the magnetic domain in sediment samples of Lake Tondano are a mixture of superparamagnetic (SP) and single-stable-domain (SSD). Keywords: Magnetic domains; magnetic minerals; lake sediments; magnetic susceptibility; magnetic grain size