<![CDATA[This study aims to map the evolution of national education policy, analyze the factors that influenced the dynamics of education during the Old Order, the relationship between the general education system and Islamic education in state policy. A qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical literature review method is used. The results of the study indicate that the evolution of Old Order education policy took place in three pioneering phases that formed the institutional foundation and the first national curriculum: democracy that gave birth to fundamental education regulations but were weak in implementation, and politicization that made education an ideological instrument under Guided Democracy. Cabinet instability, ideological struggles between nationalist, Islamic, and communist groups, and the ambiguity of Pancasila interpretation were dominant factors that shaped and distorted the direction of education policy. The relationship between general education and Islamic education was hierarchical and asymmetrical, reflected in budget inequality and discrimination in the recognition of madrasah diplomas, although there was reconciliation through the recognition of religious education in public schools. That a comprehensive and critical historical understanding of the dynamics of Old Order education is a prerequisite in formulating a more just, inclusive, and sustainable education policy for contemporary Indonesia.]]>
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