<![CDATA[This study examines the evolution of ISIS regional affiliates and the growing importance of collaborative security governance in addressing transnational extremism in the digital era. Using a qualitative comparative case-study approach, the research draws on semi-structured interviews with fifteen academics, policymakers, governance experts, and security practitioners from various countries, supported by secondary data and reflexive thematic analysis. The findings reveal that ISIS has transformed from a territorially based movement into a decentralized digital network supported by groups such as ISIS-K, ISCAP, and Boko Haram. The use of online propaganda, digital recruitment, and cryptocurrency financing has strengthened cross-border radicalization and extremist resilience. The study also identifies fragmented governance, weak institutional coordination, and limited cyber-governance capacity as major challenges in countering adaptive extremism. This article argues that adaptive governance, intelligence sharing, and multi-stakeholder cooperation are essential for strengthening global resilience against contemporary extremist threats.]]>
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