Efektivitas Permainan Bowling Adaptif Terhadap Keterampilan Motorik Kasar dan Kemampuan Kerjasama pada Anak Penyandang Tunagrahita Ringan

Hani Sri Juliani (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Lukmannul Haqim Lubay (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Wildan Alfia Nugroho (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Gano Sumarno (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Suherman Slamet (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)

Jurnal PORKES
Vol 9 No 3 (2026): September: Article in Progress

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of adaptive bowling games on gross motor skills and cooperation ability in children with mild intellectual disability. A single-subject research A-B-A design was used, involving four children aged 9-11 years at a special school in Bandung, Indonesia. The design comprised baseline (A1, 3 sessions), intervention (B, 6 sessions of adaptive bowling delivered twice weekly for 45-60 minutes), and withdrawal (A2, 3 sessions). Gross motor skills were measured using TGMD-3, while cooperation was assessed through a structured observation sheet. Data were analyzed using visual analysis and Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND). Results showed increased TGMD-3 scores in all subjects from baseline to intervention (29.3%-77.2%), with PND values indicating very effective to effective outcomes for three subjects. Cooperation scores improved in three subjects (PND up to 100%) but declined in one. Most gains were maintained during withdrawal. Adaptive bowling proved to be a feasible play-based strategy for simultaneously promoting motor and social development, while individualized adaptation remains necessary for children who respond differently to group-based intervention.