<![CDATA[Witness and victim protection constitutes an essential component of a criminal justice system that emphasizes substantive justice and respect for human rights. Nevertheless, the regulation of witness and victim protection under the old Criminal Code and Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code still encounters various normative and practical challenges. This study aims to analyze the regulatory problems related to the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) within the old and new Criminal Codes and to formulate a reconstruction of witness and victim protection regulations in order to strengthen the position and effectiveness of LPSK within the Indonesian criminal justice system. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that the old Criminal Code was predominantly offender-oriented, resulting in inadequate regulation concerning victim protection. Meanwhile, the new Criminal Code has adopted a restorative justice approach; however, it has not fully integrated the institutional position and authority of LPSK within the national criminal justice framework. The study also identifies regulatory disharmony and weak coordination among law enforcement institutions in implementing witness and victim protection. Therefore, regulatory harmonization, strengthening LPSK’s authority, and improving coordination among law enforcement agencies are necessary to establish a more humane, effective, and justice-oriented legal protection system. ]]>
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