<![CDATA[This study analyzes the legal consequences of DNA test refusal by a putative biological father and the legal certainty of civil relations involving a child born out of wedlock. It employs normative juridical research using statutory, case, analytical, and conceptual approaches. The findings show that refusal of DNA testing may obstruct changes in the child’s legal status, delay or prevent the establishment of civil relations with the biological father, and potentially result in orders to undergo DNA testing, coercive fines, reversal of the burden of proof, findings of unlawful acts, and compensation. Analysis of three lines of court decisions reveals different judicial constructions in assessing DNA evidence, presumptions, and other forms of proof. Legal certainty has not been fully achieved because rules on the status of DNA evidence and the consequences of refusal remain absent, population administration rules are disharmonized, and follow-up registration with the Civil Registry is inconsistent. Legal reconstruction is therefore required through preliminary evidence, adverse presumptions, burden shifting, laboratory standards, genetic data protection, and integrated administrative registration.]]>
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