<![CDATA[Islamic Religious Education (PAI) instruction in schools and madrasas still largely relies on conventional media such as whiteboards, textbooks, and printed pictures, while the ongoing digitalization of education requires teachers to integrate technology into instruction so that it remains contextual for today’s digitally native learners. This article aims to conceptually examine the role, characteristics, and opportunities for integrating conventional and digital instructional media in PAI learning. The study employs a narrative literature review approach on national and international journal articles published within the last five years, with sources identified through Google Scholar, Garuda, and other online journal databases using keywords related to instructional media, PAI, and educational digitalization. The findings indicate that conventional media remain relevant for content requiring concrete interaction and worship practice, while digital media such as videos, interactive quiz applications, and multimedia platforms have proven effective in increasing students’ learning interest and motivation. Integrating both media types, grounded in the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, is believed to accommodate diverse learning styles while preserving the spiritual and pedagogical values of PAI instruction. This study recommends strengthening PAI teachers’ digital competence through continuous training and developing practical guidelines for selecting and combining media appropriate to content characteristics and learners.]]>
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