<![CDATA[Vitamin D (VD) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) play important roles in maintaining immune homeostasis and combating infections by modulating the immune response. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of VD and TC on immune modulation, particularly inflammatory cytokine expression and immune cell maturation. The in silico analysis identified TC compounds using the Knapsack and PubChem databases, followed by ADME profiling with SwissADME. Putative target proteins were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction and STRING-DB. In vivo experiments were conducted using female BALB/c mice assigned to five experimental groups to evaluate the effects of VD, TC, and their combination in an Escherichia coli infection model established by intraperitoneal injection. Hematological parameters were analyzed using a hematology analyzer, while inflammatory cytokine and granulocyte cell marker expression were assessed by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis employed one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. In silico network analysis identified 183 overlapping proteins between hematopoiesis-related proteins and the target proteins of 15 bioactive TC compounds, suggesting potential interactions within hematopoiesis pathways. Network visualization further demonstrated complex interactions involving receptors, enzymes, and transcription factors, supporting the potential immunomodulatory roles of TC. Flow cytometry revealed that VD, TC, and their combination significantly reduced IL-1β expression, indicating anti-inflammatory activity. CD11b+ expression remained unchanged across treatment groups, whereas the combination of VD and TC enhanced the maturation of Gr1+-marked granulocytes. These findings suggest that combined VD and TC may have potential as an anti-inflammatory intervention and may support granulocyte maturation in the immune system.]]>
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