<![CDATA[Welding practice in vocational education must align with industry standards to produce competent and work-ready graduates. This study evaluated the effectiveness of WPS-based job sheets in improving students’ learning outcomes in carbon steel welding practice. A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was conducted with 42 vocational mechanical engineering students. Two intact classes were assigned as the experimental group using WPS-based job sheets and the control group using conventional job sheets. Data were collected through performance assessments covering understanding of WPS, welding process skills, weld quality, and procedural and occupational safety and health (OSH) compliance. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, normalized gain (N-gain), and Cohen’s d effect size analysis. Significant differences were found between the groups across all domains (p < .001). The experimental group achieved higher N-gain scores (0.78–0.84) than the control group (0.53–0.61), with very large effect sizes (d = 2.41–2.62). These findings demonstrate that WPS-based job sheets effectively improve vocational students’ welding learning outcomes.]]>
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