<![CDATA[The Paris Agreement (2015) marked a major shift in the international climate regime by replacing the Kyoto Protocol's top-down approach with a bottom-up framework based on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). While this model has encouraged broad participation through greater flexibility, it also presents significant legal challenges for developing countries, particularly regarding the implementation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC), climate finance, technology transfer, and non-punitive compliance mechanisms. This article examines the international legal challenges faced by developing countries, including Indonesia, in implementing the Paris Agreement amid disparities in economic, technological, and institutional capacities. The study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by policy documents and relevant academic literature. The findings reveal five major legal challenges: (1) normative ambiguity in the operationalization of the CBDR-RC principle; (2) the limited legally binding force of transparency and reporting mechanisms; (3) the gap between climate finance commitments and their realization by developed countries; (4) the inadequacy of legal mechanisms addressing loss and damage; and (5) tensions between national legal sovereignty and international obligations in the development of domestic regulations. The article recommends strengthening the collective legal diplomacy of developing countries through negotiating blocs such as the G77 and China, harmonizing domestic legislation with the principles of climate justice, and establishing more effective accountability mechanisms within the post-2025 international climate governance framework.]]>
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