<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze variations in students' smoking behavior in three Pesantren with different regulatory systems: the permissive model at Ma'had Aly Walindo, moderate regulations at PDF Walindo, and strict sharia-based prohibitions at Pesantren Ribatul Muta'allimin. The study employed a qualitative case study design, collecting data through participant observation, in-depth interviews with caretakers, administrators, and students, and analyzing pesantren disciplinary documents. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model. The findings indicate that students' smoking behavior is not merely an individual choice, but a social practice formed through the construction of institutional values, peer conformity, and the strength of disciplinary mechanisms. At Ma'had Aly Walindo, permissive regulations foster open smoking behavior that is legitimized as a social culture; at PDF Walindo, smoking behavior is adaptive and negotiated according to the intensity of supervision; while at Pesantren Ribatul Muta'allimin, strict sharia-based discipline results in latent smoking behavior that is hidden and accompanied by moral-spiritual pressure. These patterns suggest that the degree of strictness or laxity of regulations significantly determines how smoking behavior is displayed in both public and private spaces. This research contributes to the sociology of Pesantren by offering an analytical model that integrates social learning theory, conformity theory, and institutional disciplinary mechanisms to understand how authority structures and moral orders shape the behavioral practices of Pesantren students. Furthermore, this research provides strategic insights for developing behavioral interventions that are realistic, contextual, and sensitive to the cultural, social, and religious dynamics within Pesantren.]]>
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