<![CDATA[This study analyzes extractivism in Indonesia through Amartya Sen’s Development as Freedom perspective. Extractivism, particularly mining and natural resource exploitation, generates economic benefits but also creates social-ecological injustice, limited public participation, and reduced community access to resources and living spaces. This study employs a qualitative method using a literature review approach. Data were obtained from books, scientific articles, reports, and relevant documents concerning extractivism, development, public participation, and Amartya Sen’s thought. The findings indicate that development should not be measured solely by economic growth, investment, or state revenue, but also by the extent to which it expands substantive freedoms and people’s capabilities. In the context of extractivism, limitations on political freedom, transparency, social opportunities, economic facilities, and protective security may increase capability deprivation among affected communities. Therefore, extractive-sector development needs to position communities as active agents of development by strengthening participation, transparency, indigenous peoples’ protection, and ecological sustainability. This perspective shifts the understanding of development from merely exploiting natural resources toward expanding people’s capabilities to live a dignified and meaningful life.]]>
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