<![CDATA[ The development of international trade and global economic crises has increased the risk of disruptions in contractual performance. Force majeure clauses, which are generally based on listed events, are not always adequate to address economic disruptions, price changes, and supply chain disruptions. This study aims to analyse the characteristics of force majeure and hardship, identify the limitations of general force majeure clauses, and formulate a risk-based clause model. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings show that event-based clauses do not provide adequate parameters concerning causal links, impact thresholds, mitigation, evidence, and legal consequences. This study proposes a risk-based force majeure model integrating trigger event, causal link, threshold of impact, mitigation obligation, evidence requirement, legal consequences, and contractual adjustment. The model enables proportionate responses through suspension, renegotiation, contractual adjustment, and termination, thereby strengthening legal certainty and contractual balance. ]]>
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