<![CDATA[Integrating indigenous cultural knowledge into science education offers opportunities to develop scientific literacy through culturally meaningful learning experiences. This study aimed to develop and evaluate STEM-ethnoscience-based IPAS learning tools incorporating Gendang Loke Nggerang, a traditional Manggarai drum, as a contextual resource for teaching sound and its properties. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was employed, combining ethnoscience exploration, instructional product development, expert validation, preliminary trials, and quasi-experimental effectiveness testing. Qualitative data were collected through observations, interviews with five customary elders, and cultural documentation. These findings informed the development of teaching modules, learning materials, instructional videos, student worksheets, and scientific literacy assessments. The learning tools underwent expert validation and preliminary testing before implementation in a nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design involving 343 fifth-grade students (experimental: n = 174; control: n = 169) in Manggarai Regency. Scientific literacy was examined across four dimensions: scientific context, knowledge, competence, and attitude. Expert validation supported the validity of the developed learning tools, while the experimental group demonstrated higher scientific literacy outcomes than the conventional learning group. Statistical analysis revealed a significant between-group difference (F = 11.891, p = .001), with a mean difference of 2.314 and a modest effect size (Es = 0.32). These findings suggest that integrating Gendang Loke Nggerang into STEM-ethnoscience-based IPAS learning can support elementary students’ scientific literacy while providing an educational pathway for preserving and revitalizing Manggarai cultural knowledge.]]>
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